IMD 1.18: 27/08/2021 16:06:12 german demoncratic republic 028    åååååååååå   ï ouò  withdrawaì  intï  ouò                occupatioî  zone®  Thå imporô oæ thå issuå waó re                cognizeä  buô  É  diä noô  wanô  aî  agreemenô  iî                writinç  whicè establisheä anythinç lesó thaô  thå                righô  oæ unrestricteä access®  Wå werå sincerå iî                ouò desirå tï movå intï Berliî foò thå purposå  oæ                establishinç  quadripartitå government¬  whicè  wå                hopeä woulä develoð betteò understandinç anä solvå        chieæ oæ Imperiaì Generaì Staff)¬                witè Siò W®  Stranç anä "thå Britisè trooð commanŠ               deò  foò  theiò Berliî garrison.¢ Zhukoö  waó  un                willinç  tï  meeô witè Frencè untiì Frencè  Sectoò                haä  beeî determined®  Zhukoö waó  accompanieä  bù                "hió   deputy¬   Generaì   oæ  thå  Armù   Vassilù                Sokolovsky¬  anä  hió  politicaì  advisor¬  Arkadù                Sobelev)                 troopó  strengtè          manù  problems.¢ JUN- thå   GERMAΠ  PEOPLES§  POLICÅ   "Diå   `Deutschå        JUL     Volkspolizei§  wurdå iî deî Monateî Juni/Julé  194µ                voî  deò sowjetischeî  Besatzungsmachô  gegr}ndefollowinç thå signigî                aô siø o'clock¬  aó scheduled®  V.S®  Semeonoö waó Š               thå  Sovieô representativå aô thió signing®  11 JUN KPD refounded; KPD proclamation. "...bù  Junå 13¬  1945¬  onå montè afteò  thå                war'ó  end¬  thå KPÄ haä reappeareä oî thå  Germaî                scenå  equippeä  witè á seô  leaapiä                Bolshevisatioî  anä waó supporteä bù SMAÄ  generaì                Tulpanoö anä thå KPD'ó Ulbricht® DDR = Weber, Von der SBZ zur DDR, 1945-1968           MSBZ™  ½ Rudolæ Kabeì Diå Militatisierunç deò Sowj.™                 Besatzungszone Deutschlands Chronology 1941> 14 Aug Presidenô Frankliî D®  Roosevelô anä Britisè Primå                Ministeò    Winstoî   Churchilì   proclaimeä   thå                Atlantiã Charter¬  <AJL™ 194± (Annex)®  No® 4¬ pp®                191f®  Huber¬          Brunswick¬    Hanover)¬   Nortè   Rhine-Westphaliá  /\            (Westphaliá  anä northerî rhinå provinces¬  tï  bå 1945           joined by Detmold-Lippe in 1947).  \/            Americaî  Zoneº   Hesseî  (Kurhessen¬  Nassaõ  anä                formeò Hesseî withouô territorù easô oæ thå Rhine©                Bavariá  (withouô  thå  Palatinate)¬   anä  Baden-                W]rttemburç  (previouslù  Nortè  Badeî  anä  Nortè                W]rttenburg)® Bremeî becamå aî Americaî enclavE.R.:Quellen¬ Voì ii¬ p® 155® Europá                Archiv™ 1947¬  p® 343® AFÐ Basiã Doc.™ Doã 2¬ p® 1a¾                whicè "emphasizeä thå righô oæ alì nationó freeleù                tï chooså theiò forí oæ governmenô (Art®  3)¬  anä                tï á lifå freå oæ feaò anä privatioî (Art® 6)¬ anä                rejecteä  territoriaì  changeó noô inkeepinç  witè                thå  desireó oæ thå peopleó concerneä  (Art®  2).¢             <GQ™ p® 18.> Claù  citeó å oî                Decembeò 12¬ 1945¬ á freå citù withiî thå Americaî                Zone on 1 January 1947.                Frencè  Zoneº  Rhineland-Palatinatå  (formeä  froí                formeò Bavariaî Palatinatå anä thå southerî  Rhinå                province)¬  Badeî  (froí soutè Baden)¬  anä  Soutè                W]rttemburg-Hohenzollerî       (froí      southerî                W]rttenburg).<GQ p. 20-21>                 Generaì  Claù sayó thaô thå signinç waó sche          thå Atlantiã Charteò poinô ¶  aó                havinç "formulateä á policù foò thå  re-establish                menô oæ á Germaî nation."<DECG™ p.11> <1941 __________________________________________________________ 1942> 06 NOV STALIÎ oî Germaî Disarmamentº "Wå dï noô havå sucè                á  tasë  aó  thå  annihilatioî  oæ  alì  organizeä                militarù  strengtè  iî Germanù becauså  anù  half-                literatå  maî  caî  understanä  thaô  thió  ió  iî                 duleä foò noon¬ buô thå Sovietó delayed¬ firsô duå                tï  á  "clauså iî thå agreemenô whicè  woulä  havå                requireä  thå Sovieô Governmenô tï placå  Japaneså                citizenó  iî Russiá undeò arrest.¢  Althougè  thió                waó deleteä oî Clay'ó authority¬  iô waó noô untiì                µ p.m® thaô thå Westerî representativeó werå taknå                tï Zhukov'ó HÑ foò thå signing®  Eisenhoweò madå á                poinô oæ leavinç thå banqueô       relatioî  tï  Germanù  aó welì aó iî  relatioî  tï                Russiá  noô onlù impossible¬  buô also¬  froí  thå                standpoinô   oæ  thå   victor¬   disadvantageous.¢                 <1942 _________________________________________________________ 1943> 05                AJL = The American Journal of International Law                AFP, Basic Doc. = A Decade of Am. For. Pol.                CMR™ ½ Dalå Herspring¬  Easô Germaî  Civil-Militarù                     Relations: The Impact of Technology 1949-72 DECG = Clay, Decision in Germany                EA = Europa Archiv                EGA = Forster, The East German Army                FA=Foreign Affairs                GQ= The German Question           Jan INTER-ALLIEÄ  DECLARATIOΠ oæ LONDON®  Claù  citeó thió aó á "warninç tï thå  Germaî                natioî  thaô iô coulä noô expecô tï holä thå  looô                oæ war..." 1 Nov EUROPEAΠ  ADVISORÙ  COMMISSIOΠ  establisheä   iî               London¬ representativeó oæ Russia¬ Britaiî anä thå                US. UÓ - Ambasadoò Johî G®  Winant»  Brt.- Siò Williaí Š               Strang» USSÒ - Mr® F.T® Guseö <DecG™ p® 13¾        åååååååååå     28 Nov- TEHERAN CONFERENCE 01 Dec    Firsô  detaileä  discussioî oæ planó foò  thå                treatmenô  anä  futurå  configuratioî  oæ  Germanù                after the war. <GQ p. 18>                 AFP, Basic Doc., Doc. 14, pp. 23ff.                 War Documents, Doc. 6 pp. 29ff.                 The Times 7 Dec. 1943                 EA 1947, p. 344                 other discussions                 Meissner, B. Russland, pp. 27-35.     iteä  Kindom'ó  accepatncå iî principlå  oæ  ouò                proposeä  policù  foò thå treatmenô  oæ  Germany.¢                <DecÇ p.11> 12 SEP FIRSÔ  PROTOCOÌ OÎ ZONEÓ OÆ OCCUPATIOÎ drawî uð bù                thå  Europeaî  Advisorù  Commission¬  defineä  thå                areaó  oæ  thå futurå zoneó oæ occupatioî  oæ  thå                three main allies. <GQ p. 19>                Sources:                 Mosley¬  Ph®  E® "Thå Occupatioî oæ Germany,¢                Discussion included:                 formatioî  oæ fivå autonomouó Germaî  states»                placinç  Ruhò anä Saaò valleys¬  Hamburç  anä  thå                Kaiser-Wilhelí Canaì undeò UÎ control» transfeò oæ                Germaî  territorieó  tï  thå Oder-Neisså  linå  tï                Poland®  Furtheò  questionó referreä  tï  Europeaî                Advisorù     Commissioî     iî    Londoî     (witè               representatives of "Big Three." <1943______________ì "waó allegeä tï favoò botè thå                continuationoæ  SHAEÆ anä thå joinô occupatioî  oæ                alì thå territorù helä bù ouò armies¬  ratheò thaî                withdrawaì tï thå agreeä boundarieó foò occupatioî                purposes." 04 JUN Churchilì  warnó Americanó noô tï pulì theiò                troopó  bacë  tï thå pre-arrangeä  Westerî  zones¬                "sincå  thió  woulä signifù thå advancå oæ  Sovieô                poweò  intï  thå hearô______________________________________________ 1944>           24 May Churchilì  stateó thaô thå Atlantiã  Charteò  doeó               not apply to Germany. <GQ p. 18> 06 SEP MORGANTHAÕ  PLANº  "Iô provideä foò  thå  completå                demilitarizatioî oæ Germany¬ foò thå conversioî oæ                Germanù   intï   aî  agrariaî  statå  witè   lighô                ancillarù industrieó (internationalizatioî oæ  thå                Ruhr)¬     anä     foò     Germany'ó      oæ Westerî Europå  anä  thå                lowerinç  oæ  aî Iroî Curtaiî betweeî uó  anä  thå Š               whole East." <GQ p. 21>                Source: Truman, H.S. Memoirs I, p. 285.      05 Jun FOUÒ POWEÒ (BERLIN© DECLARATIOÎ signed® proclaimeä                defeaô oæ Germany®  Gavå USSR¬  USA¬  Britaiî  anä                Francå assumå supremå poweò iî Germany® calleä foò                thå  completå disarmamenô anä demilitarization‚  oæ                Germany®  Lefô  thå  fropoliticaì                decentralization®  Furthermore¬  thå plaî includeä                proposaló   foò  thå  demarcatioî  oæ  ne÷  Germaî                frontieró anä thå divisioî oæ Germany.¢ Signeä  bù                Roosevelô  oî  2² Septembeò 194´ (signaturå  lateò                withdrawn) <GQ p. 19>                 AFÐ Basiã Doc.¬  Doc® 87¬ pp® 502ff®                 Chase¬   S.L®   "Thå   Developmenô   oæ   thå        ntieró oæ Germanù anä  anù                territorieó   forminç  parô  oæ  Germanù   tï   bå                determined later.<GQ, p. 20>                ALLIEÄ CONTROÌ COUNCIL¬  composeä oæ thå fouò  su  /\            premå  commanderó  oæ  thå  U.S.¬  Greaô  Britain¬ 1945           France¬  anä  thå U.S.S.R¬  instituteä aó  supremå  \/            authoritù iî Germany®  "Eacè commandeò waó tï makå                thå  decisionó  foò hió owî zonå oæ occupatioî  oî                thå  basió  oæ        Morgenthaõ  Plaî througè thå  Quebeã  Conference,¢                Journaì oæ Politics¬  Vol®  16¬  No® 2® (Maù 1954©                pp. 324ff. 11 SEÐ 2nä QUEBEà CONFERENCE® Roosevelô anä Churchill® -16 SEP Claù writeó "Iô ió understood,..®  that..® wå                gavå  uð ouò previouó insistencå oî  Americaî  oc                cupatioî  oæ  northwesô  Germanù anä  accepteä  aî                occupatioî  oæ soutè Germanù iî exchangå  foò  thå                Un  instructionó  receiveä  froí   hió                government®  Iî `alì matteró concerninç Germanù aó                á  whole§ thå decisionó werå tï bå madå iî  commoî                anä  haä  tï  bå unanimouó (Arô  1®  anä  2)®  Thå                regulationó  werå  tï bå valiä foò thå  perioä  oæ                occupatioî  followinç  Germaî  surrenderº  speciaì                agreementó  werå  tï bå drawî uð  foò  thå  perioä                following the occupation (Art. 8)<GQ p. 20>       DDR54-61 € ()*+,-345-FILES 028DDR-NVA 001 DDR001 DDRCHRONNECnJOHNSON NTSDDR54-61 &789DDR-1946 HLOLL-01 NTSGDR52686NOT%SBZ-45 NEC&'SBZ-46 NEC.CONFTALK /0EE-NOTES (126SFPNOTES .:;<SMAD =åDDR-1947 d !"#$?@AFGHIJDDR48-49 0NOPQRl’“”•–DDR49-53 €def€…†‡ˆ—˜™š›œžDDR62-86 &‚£MILNOTES001KBCDEWDDR49-53 >Ÿ ¡¢ULBRICHTBIO XDDR-1945 u >mstDDR-1945CPY€YZ[ijknopqruvwxyDDR40-44 @`ab~DDR-1945CPYuz{|}ƒ„‰åSMAD åDDR-1945BAKR­®¯°±²DDR-1945 €KLMS³´hgc_^]\VUTåSEDBIB ‘åDDR-1947BAKHZ[\]^_cghijk¤ååEDBACKUP$$$pµ¤kji[Zåååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååå                AJL = The American Journal of International Law                AFP, Basic Doc. = A Decade of Am. For. Pol.                CMR™ ½ Dalå Herspring¬  Easô Germaî  Civil-Militarù                     Relations: The Impact of Technology 1949-72                EA = Europa Archiv                EGA™  ½  Forster¬  Thå  Easô Germaî  Army™(1968)                EGA80 = Forster East German Army (1980)                FA=Foreign Affairs                GQ= The Germanå Question                               GdDDR = Weber, Geschichte der DDR                RUK = A. Brumberg, ed. Russia under Khrushchev                SBZ->DDR = Weber, Von der SBZ zur DDR, 1945-1968                SFPAS = Dallin Soviet Foreign Policy after Stalin                TL = Trybuna Ludu (Warsaw)           MSBZ™  ½ Rudolæ Kabeì Diå Militatisierunç deò Sowj.™                 Besatzungszone Deutschlands Chronology <1953____________________________________                   AJL = The American Journal of International Law                AFP, Basic Doc. = A Decade of Am. For. Pol.                CMR™ ½ Dalå Herspring¬  Easô Germaî  Civil-Militarù                     Relations: The Impact of Technology 1949-72                EA = Europa Archiv                EGA = Forster, The East German Army                FA=Foreign Affairs                GQ= The German Question                               GdDDR = Weber, Geschichte de thå  Sovieô  Goverment¬                condemnó  thå  creatioî  oæ  Wesô  Germanù  aó   á                flagranô  violoatioî  oæ  thå  Potsdaí  Agreement¬                becauså "parô oæ Germanù haó falleî intï thå handó                oæ  yesterday'ó  inspiroró oæ thå Hitleò  regime.¢                SMAÄ ió dissolved®  Thå dutieó oæ thå SKË consisô                oæ "diå Durchf}hrunç deò Potsdameò Beschl}sså  unä                deò   andereî  voî  deî  Vieò  M{chteî   gemeinsaí          r DDR                SBZA=SBZ-Archiv:Dokumente-Berichte-Kommentare...                SBZ->DDR = Weber, Von der SBZ zur DDR, 1945-1968                SFPAS = Dallin Soviet Foreign Policy After Stalin           MSBZ™  ½ Rudolæ Kabeì Diå Militatisierunç deò Sowj.™                 Besatzungszone Deutschlands                ZzM = Zeittafel zur Milit{rgeschichte der DDR Chronology 1949> 7 OCT GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC founded                 "...Gef}hrô         getroffenå   Entscheidungeî  }beò  Deutschlanä  zõ                kontrollieren® Daó bedeutet¬ daþ diå Regierunç deò                DDÒ  auæ  deò Grundlagå  deò  Verfassunç  souver{î Š               t{tiç   werdeî   kann®   Daó  weiterå   Verbleibeî                sowjetischeò  Truppeî auæ deí Territoriuí deò  DDÒ                unä daó Wahrnemeî ihreò Functioî entsprechenä  deî                geltendeî   v}lkerrechtlicheî  Vereinbarungeî  deò                Antihitlerkoalitioî      stehe  voî    deò     revolution{reî                Kampfparteé  deò  Arbeiterklasså wirä daó Volë  iî                deò   DDÒ  zuí  uneingeschr{nkteî   Herrî   seineó                Schicksaló    unä   verwirklichô   souver{î   seiî                Selbstbestimmungsrecht® Eó isô daó unver{u~erlichå                Rechô   unä  diå  Verpflichtunç   deò   DDR¬   diå                territorialå     Integrit{ô     unä     politischå                Unabh{ngigkeiô  deó  Staateó sowiå daó  Lebeî  unä   î     iî      volleò                }bereinstimmunç   miô  deí  Lebensinteresseî   deò                deutscheî    Natioî   unä   stelleî   eineî    deò                Hauptfaktoreî  f}ò diå Sicherunç deó  Friedenó  iî                Europa dar."<ZzM p. 12> 11 OCT WILHELÍ  PIECË electeä Presidenô oæ thå DDÒ  bù  á                joinô  sessioî oæ thå Provisionaì Volkskammeò  anä                the Provisional L{anderkammer.                 <ZzM™ p® 12¾ 15 OCT USSÒ  REC             Eigentuí sieneò B}rgeò gegeî Angriffå jedeò Arô zõ                sch}tzen."<ZzM p. 11> 10 OCT    SMAÄ  dissolved»  Sovieô Controì Commissioî  (SCC©                formed» alì administrativå functionó transfereä tï                provisionaì GDÒ govt.                 "Unsurå  oæ thå West'ó intentionó witè regarä                tï  Germany¬  thå  Sovietó  stilì  hopeä  foò  thå                creatioî  oæ  á  uniteä  buô  neutralizeä   Germaî                nation®  ConOGNIZEÓ  DDÒ  - Firsô  Statå  tï   extenä                diplomatiã recognitioî tï thå Democratiã Republic®                Resolveó  tï exchangå diplomatiã missionó witè thå                provisional government of the DDR. <ZzM p. 12> 17 OCT BULGARIA recognizes DDR <ZzM p. 12> 18 OCT POLAND and CZECHOSLOVAKIA recognize DDR. <ZzM p. 12> 19 OCT HUNGARY recognizes the DDR <ZzM p. 12> 21 OCT Speech by West German Chancellor K. ADENAUER                 Iî sequently¬  theù hesitateä tï acô iî á                manneò  thaô  mighô provokå thå Wesô intï  bindinç /\            thå  newlù  foundeä  Federaì  Republiã  intï   thå 1949           Westerî  alliancå  system¬  makinç neutralitù  anä  \/            reunioî  witè thå Sovieô zonå impossible."<CMR™  p®                43>                Oberstå  Cheæ deò Sowjetischeî Milt{rverwaltunç iî                Deutschland¬  Armeegeneraì TSCHUJKO× (ZHUKOV© iî á                statemenô  oî  behalæ  oæ thå speecè "offenbarô sicè diå Zielsetzunç                deó wiedererstehendeî deutscheî Imperialismus¬ diå                Ergebnisså  deó zweiteî Weltkriegeó zõ  revidiereî                unä  seinå  alteî Machtpositioî  wiederzuerlangen®                Dieseó  revanchistischå  unä  agressivå   Programí                durchzusetzeî     dienô     diå    Politië     deò                Wiederaufr}stung im Westdeutschem Staat."<ZzM™ p® 14¾ 22 OCT RUMANIA recognizes the DDR <ZzM p. 12>    ________________________ 1954> 23 JAN    17th ZK SED PLENUM 25 JAN- Conference of Ministers in West-Berlin 18 FEB    USA, USSR, Britain, France.                 Nï   solutioî  tï  thå  Germaî  probleí  found®                Westerî  allieó wanteä freå electionó  tï  precedå                thå  reunificatioî  process¬   Sovietó  wanteä  tï                forbiä  thå  entrù oæ thå unifieä Germanù  iî  anù                alliance.                3°  JAÎ Thå DDÒ Governmentiã path®  Thereforå thå highesô commanä oæ                ouò timesº  Germanó aô onå table!¢ <GdDDR™ p®  252-                253>                 Diå  SEÄ  lieþ "erkennen¬  daþ deò Neuå  Kuró                beendeô  waò  unä  siå  daó  "Tauwetter¢  iî   deò                Sowjetunioî   nuò   teilweiså  mitmacheî   wollte®                Ulbrichô  hielô  aî  deò  harteî  Liniå  fest»  eò                behauptete¬ diå DDÒ seé "nunmehò zuò Schaffunç deò                Grundlageî deó Sozialô deliveró á MEMORANDUÍ                OΠ THÅ  GERMAΠ QUESTIOÎ tï  thå  Conferencå  oæ                Foreigî  Ministers¬   whicè  expresseó  thå  DDR'ó                positioî  regardinç thå "peacefuì reunificatioî  oæ                Germanù oî democratiã foundations.¢  Prerequisiteó                includå   thå  signinç  oæ  á  peacå  treatù  witè                GErmany¬ thå withdrawaì oæ alì foreigî troopó froí                Germaî territory¬ anä thå creatioî oæ á militarilù          ismuó  ]bergegangen".<GdDDR                p. 251>                13 JUN Ulbrichô  explicitlù  endorseó thå NE×  COURSÅ  iî                T{geliche Rundschau. 15 JUN KHRUSHCHEÖ appearó aô meetinç iî Prague¬ giveó                verù aggressivå speecè - Sovieô Unioî musô builä                uð armamentó anä speaë tï thå Wesô froí á positioî                oæ strength¬ claimeä thaô thå USSÒ "createä thå                atoí bomb¢ anä "createä thå hydr      neutraì Germany®  Thå proposaì ió circulateä aó á                petitioî iî DDR¬  anä 11,736,89¶ "Germaî patriots¢                froí  thå  DDò  anä  Easô Berliî  sigî  iô  bù  2°                February. <ZzM p. 43> MAR KHRUSHCHEÖ traveló tï Polanä tï greeô thå Seconä                Congresó oæ thå Paolisè Workeró Party® His firsô                venture "into the foreign field." <SFPAS p. 220>  25 MAR Sovieô    Governmenô   recognizeó   thå   extendeä          ogeî bomâ beforå                .¢ <SFPAS™ p® 22± <NYT™ 2µ Juî                1954>> JUN Supremå  Commanä  oæ thå BPÐ (MI/BPP©  moveä  froí                Easô  Berliî tï Strausberg®  Anté  aircrafô  unitó                werå seô up¬  forminç thå nucleuó oæ thå 1sô anti-                aircraft Division established Aug 1957. 7 AUG Orderó oæ SMAÄ anä Sovieô controì commissioî de                clareä void. *** "Thå rocë oî whicè thå Malenk      sovereigntù oæ thå GDR. 30 MAR- IV SED PARTY CONGRESS in Berlin 06 APR Sourceº   Protokolì   deò  Verhandlungeî  deó  IV®                Parteitageó  deò  Sozialistischeî   Einheitsparteé                Deutschlands®  30®  M{rú bió 6® Apriì 1954® Berliî                (Ost) 1954. Bd 1.                 Ludz, Parteielite, PP. 69ff.                "reexaminatioî oæ SEÄ membershið status¬  calì foò                á  "revolutionarù avanô garde¢ ratheò thaî á  masó      oö shið wenô dowî waó                "heavù industry¢ versuó "fooä anä consumeò goods.¢                Thió waó aî issuå iî which..® á numbeò oæ internaì                anä externaì problemó werå involved® Thå                connsistenô courså oæ thå Wesô towarä thå rearminç                oæ Germany¬ thå shattereä hopeó abouô France¬                Malenkov'ó failurå tï solvå thå fooä probleí iî                "twï oò threå years,¢ anä thå growinç protestó oæ                thå "leftists¢ i          aprty.                 Ne÷  partù statutå proposed¬  whicè increaseä Š               thå  similaritieó betweeî thå SEä anä thå  KPdSU¬                witè  á  "collectivå leadership¢ anä  Ulbrichô  aó                "First Secretary" /\             Thå reunificatioî saiä tï bå possiblå onlù iæ 1954           thå Germanó themselveó fighô togetheò foò it®  Thå  \/            reunificatioî   caî  onlù  bå  reacheä   alonç   á                democraî thå satelliteó againsô thå                curtailinç oæ theiò industriaì planó anä prospectó                - alì theså helpeä Khrushchev'ó factioî iî itó                offensive. <SFPAS p. 221> <1954____________________________________________________________ 1955> "...bù  195µ  aô thå  latest¬  Khruscheö  haä                adopteä  Ulbricht'ó premiså thaô Communisô rulå iî                thå DDÒ waó noô negotiable¬ anä basiã agreemenô oî                thå  Germa    25 OCT PEOPLES' REP. OF CHINA recognizes the DDR <ZzM p. 12> *** NOTE: MILITARY                 "Froí thå Sovieô poinô oæ view¬  thå creatioî                oæ  nationaì armeä forces¬  aó desireä bù thå Easô                Germaî    politicaì   leadership¬    woulä    havå                contributeä  significantlù tï makinç thå  divisioî                of Germany permanent." <CMR p. 43>                 "..®  thå  Sovietó diä noô accedå tï thå  SEÄ                ù waó anù lesó so¬  anä nï reasoî                tï  criticizå Sovietó undulù foò á policù  similaò                to that the Americans initially favored.         JUN UÓ  Grouð  Controì  Counciì moveó witè  SHAEÆ  tï                Frankfurt¬  Versailleó anä Londoî partó uniteä  iî                IÇ Farbeî buildingó iî Hoechst.                 Geî  Eisenhoweò "favoreä thå continuatioî  oæ                SHAEÆ iî aî integrateä joinô occupatioî oæ westerî                Germany.¢ Churchilleadership'ó  demanä  foò  thå  establishmenô   oæ                nationaì  armeä  forceó (Nationalå  Streitkr{fte)»                perhapó  Mosco÷ wanteä tï keeð thå possibilitù  oæ                aî all-Germaî policù opeî bù noô agreeinç tï thió                request."DDR™ p®  67® citeä iî CMR™ p®                43>                 "creatioî  oæ paramilitarù forceó iî thå  GDÒ                haä  littlå tï dï witè anù Easô Germaî  oò  Sovieô                desirå  tï  ù personneì oî Maù 21.¢                 Sincå   thå  directivå  waó  classifieä   toð                secret¬  thå UÓ controì counciì grouð waó  caryinç                ouô  á policù whoså existencå theù "coulä noô eveî                admit."                 JCÓ  1067/¶  aó amendeä bù JCÓ 1067/8¬  Paò  É                ...requireä  thå  decentraliz                I¬ Par® 8(b),1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11¾                 "JCS/106· gavå onlù limiteä authoritù tï Militarù                Government®  Iô  specificallù  prohibiteä uó  froí                takinç  anù stepó tï rehabilitatå oò maintaiî  thå                Germaî  economù  excepô tï  maximizå  agriculturaì                production.¢ ..® "Untiì agreemenô coulä bå reacheä                iî thå [Allieä ControlÝ Council¬  therå waó tï  bå                nï productioî oæ iroatioî oæ  thå  Germaî                politicaì  anä  administrativå structurå  anä  thå                completå severencå oæ alì tieó betweeî Germanù anä                Austria....                 "Fortunatelù  thå provisionó oæ JCS/106· werå  iî                somå respectó generaì iî nature¬  sï thaô thå  de                greå  oæ  applicatioî waó lefô tï thå judgmenô  oæ                thå miltarù governoò anä somå oæ itó morå  drastiã                economiã anä financiaì provisionó werå tempereä bù                thstratioî whicè                woulä discouragå anù fraternization.                 Germaî  economù waó tï bå controlleä onlù tï  thå Š               extenô  necessarù tï meeô thå needó oô thå occupa                tioî forces...                 Thå  Nazé  Partù anä itó affiliateó  werå  tï  bå                disolved¬ Nazé lawó anä regulationó annulled.                 Thå  Germaî armeä forceó werå tï å  agreementó reacheä iî Potsdam®  Still¬  therå                waó  nï doubô thaô JCS/106· contemplateä thå  Car                thaginiaî peacå whicè dominateä ouò operationó  iî                Germanù durinç thå earlù monthó ofoccupation.                 NOTEº   Thå  importanô  poinô  herå  ió  thaô                officiaì  Americaî policù iî summeò 194µ waó harsè                anä "Carthaginian,¢ therå ió nï reasoî tï  believå                thaô sovieô policbå disbandeä anä                arms¬  ammunitioî anä implementó oæ waò werå tï bå                seizeä anä distroyed.                 Waò criminals...werå tï bå arrested® ...thå docu                menô  listeä á largå numbeò oæ orgainizationó  ..®                whoså keù officials¬ officeró anä non-commissioneä                officeró werå tï bå seizeä anä helä iî  internmenô                becauså oæ thå positionó whicè theù haä held. 24 JAN   "Dmitré Shepilov¬ á followeò oæ Khrushcheö aô thå                timå anä editoò oæ Pravda¬ camå ouô iî favoò oæ                orthodoxù anä againsô thå `rightisô deviation.'¢                <SFPAS™ p® 190¾ "Leniî anä Staliî emphasizeä á Š               thousanä timeó thaô thå decisivå linë iî Socialisô                industrializatioî ió developmenô oæ heavy„                industry¬ productioî oæestablishment¬ organization¬ relationó witè thå Germaî civiliaî government¯ communisô anä non-communisô parties® Earlù para-militarù forceó iî thå Sovieô Occupatioî Zone» structure¬ personnel¬ rationale. Diplomatiã aimó oæ thå USSÒ regardinç Germany® Berliî Blockade» airlift® Preventioî oæ thå rearmamentoæ Wesô Germanù anä inclusioî iî thå NATO. creatioî oæ DDR® withouô á nationaì armù 1949® Transfeò oæ authoritù froí SMAÄ tï SED® guaranteeó bù Sovieô forces® Militarù stationinç agree thå meanó oæ production.¢                <"Thå Partù Generaì Linå anä Vulgarizeró oæ                Marxism,¢ Pravda™ Jaî 24¬ 1955.¾ "Shelipov'ó                articlå becamå thå prograí foò thå satellites¢                <SFPAS™ p® 191> 25 JAN USSÒ declareó enä oæ statå oæ waò betweeî USSÒ anä                Germany. 18 FEB    Volkskammeò proposeó all-Germaî electionó tï                Bundestag. 08 FEB MALENKOÖ  dismisseä aó Chairmaî oæ thå Counciì  oæ             ment. What'ó goinç oî iî thå West? Korea® Staliî notå oæ Marcè 10¬ 1952. Whï wantó whaô iî post-Staliî period¿ Diä Malenkoö oò Beriá reallù wanô tï geô riä oæ thå DDR? Austriaî statå treaty. Warsa÷ pact® GDÒ includeä eveî beforå iô haó itó owî army. Organizatioî oæ thå NVA® Commanä structurå anä subordinatioî tï Sovieô army® relativå strength® Whù diä USSÒ foregï thå propagandá advantageó oæ leavinç GDÒ withouô aî army¬ protecteä bù Sovieô troops¿    Ministeró oæ USSR® Marshaì Nikolaé BULGANIÎ                elected premier. MAR Kommunist™ articlå "urgeä á morå bellicoså attitudå                towarä thå West® Recallinç thå firsô meetinç oæ                thå 2µ JUÌ SMAÄ establisheó 1± Centraì Germaî administrationó  (ordeò nï  17¬  neveò  madå public© Siå solleî "ií Kompetenzbereicè  deò gesamteî sowjetischeî Okkupationszonå ihrå Funktioneî gemaesó deî direktiveî deò entsprechendeî Abteilungen¢ deò SMAÄ "unteò  ihreò unmittelbareî Kontrollå ausueben" Verkehò  - Dr®  Wilhelí  Pfitzneò (SPD©  Nachrichtenverbindunç Wilhelí Schroedeô camp.§ Kommunisô added:`Thió waó                correcô foò 1947® iô ió alì thå morå correcô foò                1955.'¢ <SFPAS™ pp® 221-222<Kommunist™ no® ´ Marcè                1955 p. 18>> 14 MAY Warsaw Treaty Organization formed                I.S. Konev, Commander in Chief (until 1960)                A.I® Antonov¬ Chieæ oæ Stafæ (untiì hå dieó iî Junå 1962) 1-2 JUN 24tè plenuí oæ ZË SED» ten-poinô prograí foò re                unificatioî   oæ  Germany®   Triumphanô   UlbProposeä outlineº Shulmaî seminaò paper. Topicó iî Sovieô foreigî policy: Sovieô policù anä thå rearminç oæ thå Germaî Democratiã Republic. perioä discussedº 1945-1956» maybå onlù '49-56. Questionº  Whaô  werå  thå  Soviets§ reasonó  behinä  thå  ratheò strangå  anä  delayeä  creationoæ á nationaì armù iî  thå  Germaî DEmocratiã Republic? Begiî  witè  thå wartimå proposaló foò whaô tï  dï  witè  Germanù afteò thå war® Sovieô policù aimó regardinç Germany. Thå  Sovieô  Militarù AdministProposeä outlineº Shulmaî seminaò paper. Topicó iî Sovieô foreigî policy: Sovieô policù anä thå rearminç oæ thå Germaî Democratiã Republic. perioä discussedº 1945-1956» maybå onlù '49-56. Questionº Whaô werå thå Soviets§ reasonó behinä thå ratheò strangå anä delayeä creationoæ á nationaì armù iî thå Germaî DEmocratiã Republic? Begiî witè thå wartimå proposaló foò whaô tï dï witè Germanù afteò thå war® Sovieô policù aimó regardinç Germany. Thå Sovieô Militarù Administratioî iî Germany¬ ratioî iî  Germany¬  establishment¬ organization¬  relationó  witè  thå Germaî  civiliaî  government¯ communisô anä non-communisô parties®  Earlù para-militarù forceó iî thå Sovieô Occupatioî Zone» structure¬ personnel¬ rationale. Diplomatiã aimó oæ thå USSÒ regardinç Germany®  Berliî  Blockade» airlift®   Preventioî   oæ  thå  rearmamentoæ  Wesô  Germanù  anä inclusioî iî thå NATO. creatioî  oæ  DDR®  withouô á nationaì armù  1949®  Transfeò  oæ authoritù  froí  SMAÄ  tï  SED®  guarant   Claù waó promoteä tï lieutenanô  General¬                anä  madå  deputù  chieæ oæ stafæ foò  thå  Uniteä                Stateó forceó Eur®  Theater¬  responsiblå foò  thå                redeploymenô oæ troopó tï thå Pacific®                 NOTEº Claù writeó thaô hå kne÷ thaô therå                waó aî Americaî grouð planninç UÓ participatioî iî                militarù  governmenô  afteò thå defeaô oæ  Germanù Š               anä  thå dissolutioî oæ combineä command®  "É  haäens®  Louió  Mariå  Koeltú anä  Stanleù  Woodburî                Kirby®  Thå  threå groupó "coulä thuó forí commit                teeó  tï  discusó subjectó  oæ  mutuaì  interest.¢                 30 APR WALTEÒ  ULBRICHT'ó  Grouð  oæ KPÄ  leaderó  leaveó                Mosco÷¬ arriveó aô ZHUKOV'ó fielä headquarteró aô                Bruchm]hlå neaò Berlin.¾    Thió   waó   thå  "politicaì    stafæ                headquarteró   foò  Zhukov'ó  Army,¢   undeò   thå                directioî  oæ "Generaì Galadshijew¬  aô thaô  timå                thå   Chieæ  oæ  thå  pliticaì  Administratioî  oæ                Marsahlì  Zhukov'ó Army.¢ Thå towî waó cleareä  oæ                ordinarù  soldiers¬  buô  fulì oæ  "officeró  froí                Generaì  Galadshijew'ó staff¬  almosô alì å oæ thå  UÓ  Grouð  Controì                Council¬ althougè readinç iô no÷ wilì sho÷ thaô iô                deviateä littlå froí thå Americaî policù whicè waó                tï develoð foò Germanù anä tï bå proclaimeä  firsô                by  Secrterù  oæ  Statå Byrneó iî  hió  Stutttgarô                speech.¢ <DecÇ p.8>                 JCS 1067                 "Directivå  oæ thå Uniteä Stateó Joinô Chiefó                oæ  Stafæ tï thå Commander-in-Chieæ oæ thå  Uniteä      oæ  whoí                spokå   Germaî  anä  whï  sa÷  theiò   maiî   tasë                (Hauptaufgabe© aó establishinç gooä contactó witè                the German population."<ReIK pp. 344-45>                 includedº   journalisô   anä   writeò   Fritú                Erpenbecë  lateò  Editor-in-Chieæ oæ  Easô  Berliî                Magazinå Theateò deò Zeit» Gustaö Gundelacè lateò Š               KPÄ  Chairmaî iî Hamburç anä membeò oæ Wesô Germaî                Parliament»  Richa          Stateó Forceó oæ Occupatioî Regardinç thå Militarù                Government in Germany"                 Texô  iî Germanù undeò  Occupatioî  1945-1954™                pp. 13-27.         NOTEº  Organizatioî  oæ thå UÓ Grouð  Controì                Councilº  headeä  bù Generaì Corneliuó Wickhershaí                (NÙ  lawyer© HÑ iî Versailles¬  "tail¢ iî  London®                "severaì  hundreä  officeró anä  á  fe÷  civilianó                selecteä   aó   expertó  iî  specrä Gyptner¬  heaä oæ Easô Berliî                Peoples§ Policå iî 1949¬ Easô Germaî Ambassadoò tï                Polanä  foò severaì years¬  anä  now<1965¾  Deputù                Foreigî  Minister»  Walteò  K|ppe¬  á  "relativelù                unimportanô functionarù whï dieä iî "63»  Wolfganç                Leonhard¬  whï  fleä  Easô Germanù iî 194¹ anä  ió                today<1965¾  á writeò anä journalisô iî  thå  FRG»                Hanó Mahle¬  generaì directoò oæ thå radiï networë  ifiã  fieldó   oæ                government.¢ Organizeä "intï divisionó parallelinç                thå Germaî ministrieó whicè werå tï bå siezeä  anä                continueä iî operatioî undeò Allieä control."                 17 JUL- POTSDAM CONFERENCE 02 AUG    Stipulations regarding Germany <GQ pp. 22-23>                "1©  Politicaì  Principles®  Thå settinç uð  oæ  á                controì   systeí   similaò   tï   thå   Four-Poweò Š               declaration¬ uniformitù oæ treatmenô oæ thå Germaî                populatioî   throughouô  Germany®   Thå   completå                disarmamenô anä demilitarizatioî oæ Germany.   aî army¬  protecteä bù Sovieô troops¿ 52. Whï  wantó  whaô iî post-Staliî period¿  Diä  Malenkoö  oò  Beriá reallù wanô tï geô riä oæ thå DDR? Austriaî statå treaty. Warsa÷ pact® GDÒ includeä eveî beforå iô haó itó owî army. Organizatioî oæ thå NVA®  Commanä structurå anä subordinatioî tï Sovieô  army®   relativå  strength®  Whù  diä  USSÒ  foregï  thå propagandá  advantageó oæ leavinç GDÒ withouô              ¾       10 JUL Thirä meetinç witè Zhukov®  Thå establishmenô  oæ                thå  Kommandaturá  confirmed¬  papeò  prepareä  bù                Zhukoö   approved®   Papeò  prepareä  bù  Claù  oî                establishmenô oæ Allieä Controì Counciì noô  giveî                formaì approval¬  duå tï Zhukov'ó neeä tï refeò iô                t Foò thå timå being¬  nï                centraì  Germaî governmenô waó tï  bå  establisheä                savå foò importnaô importanô Germaî administrativå  /\            units®  Thió  latteò resolutioî waó tableä aó  thå 1945           result of a French veto in the Autumn of 1945.  \/            "2® Economiã principles® Germanù waó tï bå treateä                aó á singlå economiã uniô durinç thå perioä oæ thå                occupationº  Allieä controì oæ thå Germaî economy¬            o his govenment.                 NOTEº  Zhukoö doeó noô appeaò tï havå haä thå                samå  degreå oæ authoritù delegateä tï hií aó  diä                Clay®  Perhapó  thió waó á politicaì  device¬  buô                morå probablù reflecteä Stalin'ó desirå tï controì                negotiations¬   possiblù   hió  limiteä  trusô  oæ                Zhukov. 14 July Anti-Fascisô bloã oæ fouò democratiã partieó (fivå               reps each) formed in Berlin. 16  JUL   T    maiî  emphasió tï bå placeä oî thå developmenô  oæ                agriculturå  anä  oæ peacå ndustrieó foò  consumeò                goods¬   decartelizatioî  oæ  largå   enterprises¬                Allieä  controì  oveò  Germaî  assetó  iî  forienç                countries¬  stipulatioî  oæ thå livinç standarä iî                Germanù whicè waó noô tï exceeä thå averagå oæ thå                standardó   oæ  livinç  oæ   Europeaî   countries¬                excluding Great Britain and the huringeî  Landeó administratioî establisheä undeò                thå   formeò  Regierungspraesidenô                   Dr® Hermanî Brill(SPD)                      17  JUL    Thå  SMAÄ "setzô fueò diå Provinú  Sachsen-Anhalô                einå Provinzialverwaltunç ("Praesidium"© ein.¢                 Dr®  Erharä  Huebeneò  (LDP©                  Roberô Siewerô (KPD©                 Ernsô Thape(SPD)                  Willù Lohmanî (LDP©                 U.S.S.R.                "Reparationó   (externaì  assets¬   gold¬   ships¬                factorù equiptmenô anä currenô production© werå tï                bå  takeî froí Germanù iî thå forí oæ  commoditieó                withiî  á  perioä oæ  twï  years®  Thå  reparatioî                claimó  oæ thå USÒ werå tï bå meô froí itó zonå oæ                occupation‚                HITLEÒ   COMMITÓ   SUICIDÅ  01 MAY Nazé  Generaì  KREBÓ arriveó aô Generaì  CHIUKOV'ó                headquarteró iî Berlin-Tiergarten¬  tï inforí  thå                Sovietó  oæ Hitler'ó suicidå anä tï arrangå foò  á                cease-fire.                ADDITIONAÌ  AGREEMENÔ oî thå establishmenô oæ  thå                French Zone of Occupation signed.                 Admiraì  Karì   D|nitú                Beginó   "managinç  thå  affairó  oæ  thå ew type. <GdDDr p. 182-83>                thå  SMAÄ playeä aî importanô rolå  iî  overseeinç                thå  implementatioî oæ thå Stalinizatioî  campaigî                in the DDR.<GdDDR p. 181-182> SPRING SMAÄ  "PURGÅ ORDER¢ (No®  204/2© alì personó  witè                closå relativeó iî thå West¬  whï werå detaineä iî                thå Wesô foò á considerablå timå aó POWs¬ whï werå                refugeeó froí easterî Germaî territories¬ whï werå                politicall  Reicè                Government." <GQ p. 20>                 07 MAY- CAPITULATION OF GERMANY 08 May                     14 MAY    JCÓ 1067/¶ issued®  Thió policù directive¬  "whicè                waó  tï guidå uó foò manù monthó (excepô aó  modi                fieä  bù thå Potsdaí protocol)¢ waó issueä aó  JCÓ                1067/¶ oî Apriì 26¬  amendeä Maù 10¬  approveä bù                Pres®  Trumaî  anä  issueä 1´ May®  Iô  waó  "dis                tributeä  tï  ke agencieó iî Berliî                undeò  Germaî statå secretarieó tï havå  jurisdic                tioî iî theiò respectivå fieldó throughouô Germanù                undeò Allieä supervision®  Suggestioî takeî  undeò                consideration for future action.<DecG pp.35-36>                 Noteº  Allieä  Controì  Counciì haä  noô  yeô                receiveä  officiallù  thå Potsdaí  Protocoì  oæ  ²                Aug.<DecGp.45> 10 AUG Generaì EISENHOWEÒ oî officiaì visiô esident)®   Threå                militarù  governoró  maintaineä  permanenô  liasoî                staffs. 07 SEP NATIONAL-DEMOKRATISCHÅ  PARTEÉ DEUTSCHLANDÓ (NDPD©                includeä iî thå Antifá blocë iî thå DDR® <GdDDR™ p®                166-67>           OCT POLICÅ  CENTRALIZATIOΠ iî SBÚ - GAÉ  removeó  thå                Departmentó oæ thå Frontieò Policå anä Alerô Unitó                iî  thå  individuaì  L{ndeò oæ thå  SBÚ  froí  thå                jurisdictï MOSCO×  aó      -15 AUG   guesô  oæ Sovieô government®  Accompanieä bù Brig®                Geî T.J®  Davis¬ Lt® Johî Eisenhoweò (hió son© anä                Gen®  Clay®  Eisenhoweò  treateä witè  astonishinç                gooä  will¬  inviteä tï stanä oî Lenin'ó tomâ  foò                Sportó Paradå revie÷ witè Stalin»  Staliî accepteä                Eisenhower'ó  informaì invitatioî tï joiî theí  aô                thå  embassù (Harrimaî saiä iô waó thå firsô  timå                sucè tioî oæ thå LPAó anä subordinateó theí  tï                á centraì Chieæ Department.<EGA p. 20> "END" MILITARÙ  NOTEº  barrackeä Alerô unitó oæ BPР haä                800°  men¬   Sovieô  officeró  acteä  aó  military‚                advisers¬ witè Generaì PETRAKOVSKÉ aó theiò chief®                <EGA™  p®   2°  Forsteò  claimó  thaô  thió  proveó                militarù missioî oæ "police¢ forces¬  "sincå theså                soldieró   coulä  havå  hardlù  understooä  policå  á visisô bù á higè Sovieô officiaì haä  beeî                made)¬  etc® <DecG™ p® 48¾ Thå visiô convinceä Claù                anä Eisenhoweò "thaô wå haä founä á sincerå frienä                iî Marsahì Zhukov.¢ Claù noteó thaô thió  optimisí                waó  noô shareä bù Harrimaî anä Deane¬  noò bù Mr®                Pauleù  whï  "haä  beeî iî  Mosco÷  foò  weekó  tï                discusó  reparations¬                 Thå    "Bordeò   Police¢   werå   equippeä    witè                "Karabinern¢  (carbines?©  anä  recieveä  militarù                training. Total strength: 9000 men. MSBZ p. 27 <1948____________________________________________________________ 1949> 25 JAN CMEA founded in Warsaw. 25 JAN-       28 JAN 1st SED party conference in Berlin                Heighô oæ thå Stalinizatioî campaign¬  definitioî                of the Party of the n pp. 49-50> 27 AUG Politicaì Partieó authorizeä aô Kreió leveì iî  UÓ                zone of Occupation. <DecG p. 87> 10 SEP- LONDON COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS 02 OCT Jameó  Byrneó submitó Four-Poweò Treatù oî thå                demilitarization of Germany 31 OCT SMAD approves armament of the People's Police                "Thió becamå thå birth-houò fï thå armeä forceó oæ                thå  Germaî workinç class¬  thå birth-houò oæ  thå               ì  capitaì equiptmenô deemeä  unnecessarù             foò á Germaî peacå economy¬  iî exchangå foò otheò <<1945>>       commodities...¬  aó  welì  aó  10¥  oæ  industriaì            captial equiptment without any compensation. 22 JUL Presidenô Trumaî attenä officiaì raisnç oæ  coloró                aô UÓ HÑ Berlin® Claù deeplù impressed® <DecGpp44-                45> 25 JUL "1±  centraì administrativå authorities¢ seô uð iî                Germany <GQ p. 23>        25z®                <DecG33¾ Controì counciì papeò stilì needeä tï  bå                formally approved at Potsdam Conference. 02 AUG END of POTSDAM Conference.                POTSDAM protocol signed.                 "Foò  thå  nexô fouò yearó thió waó thå  mosô                importanô   documenô   bearinç   oî   thå   Germaî                Problem....Iî  facô thå parô pertaininç tï  Germaî                affairó  waó  thå "rulå oæ law¢ foò threå  oæ  thå                occupyinç JUL  SMAÄ establisheó 1± Centraì Germaî administrationó                (ordeò  nï 17¬  neveò madå public© Siå solleî  "ií                Kompetenzbereicè deò gesamteî sowjetischeî Okkupa                tionszonå  ihrå Funktioneî gemaesó deî  direktiveî                deò  entsprechendeî Abteilungen¢ deò  SMAÄ  "unteò                ihreò unmittelbareî Kontrollå ausueben"                 Verkehò  - Dr®  Wilhelí  Pfitzneò (SPD©                  Nachrichtenverbindunç - Wilhelí Schroeder     poweró   iî   thå    monthó    ahead®                Unfortuneatelù iô coulä noô becomå thå rulå oæ la÷                foò thå Allieä Controì Council®  Thå Counciì coulä                acô  onlù  bù  unanimouó consenô anä  onå  oæ  itó                members¬  France¬  waó  noô  á partù tï anä  neveò                accepted the protocol in full." <DecG p.39>                 Notå  thaô thå Potsdaí protocoì negateä  somå                oæ  thå  financiaì  anä  economiã  provisionó   oæ                 Brennstofæ - Dr® Ferdinanä Friedensburg (CDU)                 Industriå - Leï Scripscinski¬ KPD                 Ackerbaõ - Edwiî Hoernlå KPD                 Finanzeî - Heinricè Meier                 Arbeitskraeftå - Gustaö Gundelach Š                Erziehunç - Pauì Wandeì KPD                 Justiú - Dr® Eugeî Schiffer¬ LDP                 Gesundheiô - Pauì Konitzer                 Handeì - Dr® Buschmann¬ SPD        "(Dieså  zentralå "Deutscheî                 JCS/1067®  Thå  Allieä  Controì  Counciì  waó  "no÷                specificallù  chargeä  witè thå developmenô  oæ  á                balanceä  economù  whicè woulä placå Germanù oî  á                self-sustaininç  basis¢ insteaä oæ beinç  tolä  tï                staù   ouô  oæ  thå  economù  excepô  tï   prevenô                inflation.<DecG p.41>                 Claù writes¬ "Perhapó withouô thå Frencè vetï                wå   coulä  havå  createä  centraì  administraVerwaltungen¢ deò SBÁ                sinä  voî  Anfanç aî tatsaechlicè  nuò  Unter- unä                Hilfs-behoerdeî deò SMAD¬  diå miô deutscheî Sach                verstaendigeî besetzô werden....)" 28 JUL BRITISÈ DELEGATIOÎ tï Potsdaí REPLACED®  ATLEÅ anä                BEVIN replace CHURCHILL and EDEN. 30 JUL ALLIEÄ  CONTROÌ  COUNCIÌ  openeä  iî  BERLIN®   Iî                preparatorù meeting¬  Sovietó insisô thaô HÑ bå iî                UÓ  sectoò  anä trichô                renounceó NE× COURSE.                 "Iî Easô Germany¬ Walteò Ulbrichô tolä thå                Plenuí oæ thå SED..® thaô grantinç oæ prioritù tï                consumeò goodó industrieó waó wronç iî theory¬ anä                hå eveî asserteä thaô hå haä neveò accepteä thå                theory. <SFPAS p. 191> 30 JUN Willé  STOPÈ  relinquisheó  posô oæ  Ministeò  oæ                Interior¬ whicè ió giveî tï theî heaä oæ thå Chhaô Eisenhoweò  shoulä  bå  firsô                chairman®  US - Eisenhower¬  Clay¬  Murphy¬  Geî  Parkó                (Berliî commandant)¬  anä sen®  stafæ sec'y» Brô -                Montgomery¬  Geî  Weeks¬  Siò Williaí Stranç  (no÷                perm®  Undersec'ù  oæ Brit®  For®  Ofc)¬  anä Gen®                J.F.M.Whitely»  USSR- Zhukov¬  Vishinskù  (noô  aô                lateò   mtgs)¬    Sobeleö   (polit®   adv.©   Gen®                Sokolovsky»   Fò  - deð  mil®   gov®  Geî  Koeltieæ                Administratioî  oæ  tè Peoples§  Policå  Inspectoò                Generaì  Karì Maron®  Thå entirå apparatuó oæ  thå                BPP¬ however¬ waó takeî ouô oæ thå Ministrù oæ thå                Interioò  anä  subordinateä  tï  STOPÈ  aó  Deputù                Chairmaî  oæ thå Counciì oæ Ministers®  STOPH¬  aó                thå  highesô rankinç officer¬  tooë oveò  militarù                supremå  commanä oæ thå  BPP®  Lieutenanô  Generaì                Heinú  Hoffmanî   ù personneì oî Maù 21.¢                 Sincå   thå  directivå  waó  classifieä   toð                secret¬  thå UÓ controì counciì grouð waó  caryinç                ouô  á policù whoså existencå theù "coulä noô eveî                admit."                 JCÓ  1067/¶  aó amendeä bù JCÓ 1067/8¬  Paò  É                ...requireä  thå  decentralizn¬  steel¬  chemicals¬ machinå                tools¬  radiï  anä electricaì equiptment¬  automo                biles¬ oò heavù machinery."                 "Fortunatelù  thå provisionó oæ JCS/106· werå  iî                somå respectó generaì iî nature¬  sï thaô thå  de                greå  oæ  applicatioî waó lefô tï thå judgmenô  oæ                thå miltarù governoò anä somå oæ itó morå  drastiã                economiã anä financiaì provisionó werå tempereä bù                thatioî oæ  thå  Germaî                politicaì  anä  administrativå structurå  anä  thå                completå severencå oæ alì tieó betweeî Germanù anä                Austria....                 NOTEº   Thå  importanô  poinô  herå  ió  thaô                officiaì  Americaî policù iî summeò 194µ waó harsè                anä "Carthaginian,¢ therå ió nï reasoî tï  believå                thaô sovieô policstratioî whicè                woulä discouragå anù fraternization.                 Germaî  economù waó tï bå controlleä onlù tï  thå Š               extenô  necessarù tï meeô thå needó oô thå occupa                tioî forces...                 Thå  Nazé  Partù anä itó affiliateó  werå  tï  bå                disolved¬ Nazé lawó anä regulationó annulled.                 Thå  Germaî armeä forceó werå tï ù waó anù lesó so¬  anä nï reasoî                tï  criticizå Sovietó undulù foò á policù  similaò                to that the Americans initially favored.         JUN UÓ  Grouð  Controì  Counciì moveó witè  SHAEÆ  tï                Frankfurt¬  Versailleó anä Londoî partó uniteä  iî                IÇ Farbeî buildingó iî Hoechst.                 Geî  Eisenhoweò "favoreä thå continuatioî  oæ                SHAEÆ iî aî integrateä joinô occupatioî oæ westerî                Germany.¢ Churchilbå disbandeä anä                arms¬  ammunitioî anä implementó oæ waò werå tï bå                seizeä anä distroyed.                 Waò criminals...werå tï bå arrested® ...thå docu                menô  listeä á largå numbeò oæ orgainizationó  ..®                whoså keù officials¬ officeró anä non-commissioneä                officeró werå tï bå seizeä anä helä iî  internmenô                becauså oæ thå positionó whicè theù haä held. 04 JUN Churchilì  warnó Americanó noô tï pulì theiò                troopó  bacë  tï thå pre-arrangeä  Westerî  zones¬                "sincå  thió  woulä signifù thå advancå oæ  Sovieô                poweò  intï  thå hearô                I¬ Par® 8(b),1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11¾                 "JCS/106· gavå onlù limiteä authoritù tï Militarù                Government®  Iô  specificallù  prohibiteä uó  froí                takinç  anù stepó tï rehabilitatå oò maintaiî  thå                Germaî  economù  excepô tï  maximizå  agriculturaì                production.¢ ..® "Untiì agreemenô coulä bå reacheä                iî thå [Allieä ControlÝ Council¬  therå waó tï  bå                nï productioî oæ iro oæ Westerî Europå  anä  thå                lowerinç  oæ  aî Iroî Curtaiî betweeî uó  anä  thå Š               whole East." <GQ p. 21>                Source: Truman, H.S. Memoirs I, p. 285.      05 Jun FOUÒ POWEÒ (BERLIN© DECLARATIOÎ signed® proclaimeä                defeaô oæ Germany®  Gavå USSR¬  USA¬  Britaiî  anä                Francå assumå supremå poweò iî Germany® calleä foò                thå  completå disarmamenô anä demilitarization‚  oæ                Germany®  Lefô  thå  fro    untiì theî chieæ oæ thå BPP¬  wenô                to the Soviet Union to attend a course.<EGA p. 27> 04 JUL Cà CPSÕ Plenuí opens® Faò eachinç discussioî oæ                Sovieô Foreigî Policy¬ aô whicè Khrushchev-Mikoyaî                successfullù attacë Molotoö anä thå Stalinisô                courså iî internationaì relations® <SFPAS™ pp227-                23± <Ä papers¬ Filå 1¬ Juî 18¬ 1959» Ä papers¬                Filå P¬ Junå 11¬ 1957» U.S® Senatå Committeå oî               welì aó Grotewohl¬  Matern¬ Nuschke¬                Loch¬   Scholz¬   Dr®  Bolz¬  Ebert¬  Oel~neò  anä                Schidewaî  buô NOÔ ULBRICHT© thå reunificatioî  oæ                Germanù ió saiä tï requirå á preliminarù stagå  iî                whicè  botè Germaî stateó arå equaì partneró iî  á                collectivå securitù arrangement.<GdDDR¬  p® 257;ND™                Nr 174 (28.7.1955)> 17 SEP- DDR-USSR CONFERENCE in Moscow 20 SEP   Treatù grantinç DDÒ fulì sover  thå Judiciary¬ Hearingó Junå 8¬ 11¬ anä 29¬ 1956¬                parô 2¹ (Scopå oæ Sovieô Activitù iî thå Uniteä                States)¬ testimonù oæ Seweryî Bialer» Senatå Š               Internaì Securitù Subcommittee¬ Scopå oæ Sovieô                Activitù iî thå Uniteä States¬ releaså oæ Julù 11¬                1957>> 18 JUL- GENEVÁ SUMMIÔ Sovieô Delegatioî officiallù leä bù       23 JUL   Premieò Bulganin¬ witè Vyacheslaö MOLOTOÖ anä                Andreé GROMYKÏ oæ thå Fo31 MAR Lucius D. Clay [rank?] oficially assigned to post as deputy to General Eisenhower for Military Government. Meets with President Roosevelt. Told by General John H. Hilldring (director of Civil Afairs Division of the War Department) that General Eisenhower had NOT been informed of Clay's appointment, and had requested Clay for a staff position as director of the Civil Affairs division of the General Staff. Clay's new post implied much higher status, reporting directly to Eisenhower.                 Source:Thå Genevá Conferencå oæ Headó oæ                Government¬ Julù 18-23¬ 1955¬ Washington¬ D.C.¬                Department of State, 1955. 23 JUL "Diå  Regierungschefs¬  diå  ihrå  gemeinsamå                Verantwortunç  f]ò diå L|sunç deò deutscheî  Fragå                u5> Clay also met with Asst Sec'y (of War?) McCloy, Sec'y Stimson, Gen. Marshall, but NO ONE in the State Department! Convinced General William H. Draper Jr. to become economics advisor in Germany. 8 APR Clay reports to Eisenhower in Reims HQ (left New York 6 APR, arr. Paris 7 APR). Reports to Chief of Staff Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, who informs him that Eisenhower was "not particularly favorable" to the assignment of a deputy for Military Government. Up to that point, a division oî    f]ò   diå   Wiedervereinigunç   Deutschlandó                anerkennen¬  sinä ]bereingekommen¬  daþ diå L|sunç                deò  deutscheî  Fragå  unä  diå  Wiedervereinigunç                Deutschlandó durcè freiå Wahleî iî ]bereinstimmunç                miô deî nationaleî Interesseî deó deutscheî Volkeó                unä  deî Interesseî deò  europ{ischeî  Sicherheiô                verwircklichô  werdeî soll.¢ ND™ Nò 17± 24.7®  195µ                cited in GdDDR, p. 257> 24 Jf the General Staff (G-5) had been responsible for supervising civilian affairs. 17 APR Order designating Clay deputy military governor issued, after ass't sec'y McCloy discusses the issue with Eisenhower and Smith. Military government, however, remained a combined Anglo-American responsibility under the SHAEF Civil Affairs Division. Clay placed in command of the United States Group Control Council, the nucleus for the American delegation in the Allied Control Council, which was to govern GermanyUL- Khruscheö anä Bulganiî visiô GDR®       27 JUL  Iî  speecè  iî Easô Berliî oî 2¶  JULY¬  Khruscheö                stateó  thaô  reunificatioî ió á  matteò  foò  thå                Germaî people®  Maù marë acceptacå bù USSÒ oæ "twï                state¢ theory®  <CMR™ p® 59;GdDDR™ p® 257» ND™ Nò 17³                (27.7.1955)>                 Iî   á  meetinç  oî  2·  Julù  (attendeä   bù                Bulganin¬   Khruschev¬   anä   Sovieô   ambassadoò                PUSCHKIN¬  aó under the three-power agreements in London. Clay was promoted to lieutenant General, and made deputy chief of staff for the United States forces Eur. Theater, responsible for the redeployment of troops to the Pacific. NOTE: Clay writes that he knew that there was an American group planning US participation in military government after the defeat of Germany and the dissolution of combined command. "I had heard that thie group had prepared a manual for military governmant that aroused indignatio   ntieró oæ Germanù anä  anù                territorieó   forminç  parô  oæ  Germanù   tï   bå                determined later.<GQ, p. 20>                ALLIEÄ CONTROÌ COUNCIL¬  composeä oæ thå fouò  su  /\            premå  commanderó  oæ  thå  U.S.¬  Greaô  Britain¬ 1945           France¬  anä  thå U.S.S.R¬  instituteä aó  supremå  \/            authoritù iî Germany®  "Eacè commandeò waó tï makå                thå  decisionó  foò hió owî zonå oæ occupatioî  oî                thå  basió  oæ       duleä foò noon¬ buô thå Sovietó delayed¬ firsô duå                tï  á  "clauså iî thå agreemenô whicè  woulä  havå                requireä  thå Sovieô Governmenô tï placå  Japaneså                citizenó  iî Russiá undeò arrest.¢  Althougè  thió                waó deleteä oî Clay'ó authority¬  iô waó noô untiì                µ p.m® thaô thå Westerî representativeó werå taknå                tï Zhukov'ó HÑ foò thå signing®  Eisenhoweò madå á                poinô oæ leavinç thå banqueô   instructionó  receiveä  froí   hió                government®  Iî `alì matteró concerninç Germanù aó                á  whole§ thå decisionó werå tï bå madå iî  commoî                anä  haä  tï  bå unanimouó (Arô  1®  anä  2)®  Thå                regulationó  werå  tï bå valiä foò thå  perioä  oæ                occupatioî  followinç  Germaî  surrenderº  speciaì                agreementó  werå  tï bå drawî uð  foò  thå  perioä                following the occupation (Art. 8)<GQ p. 20>    followinç thå signigî                aô siø o'clock¬  aó scheduled®  V.S®  Semeonoö waó Š               thå  Sovieô representativå aô thió signing®  11 JUN KPD refounded; KPD proclamation. "...bù  Junå 13¬  1945¬  onå montè afteò  thå                war'ó  end¬  thå KPÄ haä reappeareä oî thå  Germaî                scenå  equippeä  witè á seô  leaå oî                Decembeò 12¬ 1945¬ á freå citù withiî thå Americaî                Zone on 1 January 1947.                Frencè  Zoneº  Rhineland-Palatinatå  (formeä  froí                formeò Bavariaî Palatinatå anä thå southerî  Rhinå                province)¬  Badeî  (froí soutè Baden)¬  anä  Soutè                W]rttemburg-Hohenzollerî       (froí      southerî                W]rttenburg).<GQ p. 20-21>                 Generaì  Claù sayó thaô thå signinç waó sche         dership¬  á  closå                relatioî  tï  thå  locaì  occupyinç  authority¬  á                newspapeò (thå thirä tï appeaò iî Berliî sincå thå                enä  oæ thå fightinç anä thå firsô  partù  organ)¬                anä  á  carefullù thoughô ouô program®  Iô  waó  á                prograí  designeä  tï appeaì tï á broaä stratá  oæ                society¬   specificallù  includinç   "progressive¢                bourgeoió groups¬  thå peasantry¬ anä thå "people¢                   n in Washington, because allegedly it proposed a liberal treatment of Germany, which was displeasing to those who were preparing a much more drastic policy directive. Our government ordered the suppression of this manual with consequent devastatring effect on the morale of the US Group Control Council, although reading it now will show that it deviated little from the American policy which was to develop for Germany and to be proclaimed first be Secrtery of State Byrnes in his Stutttgart speech." Is the "dr(26.10.1955© througè Nò 27³  (22.11.55©                Dokumente der SED, Bd. V, S. 445ff.                GdDDR pp. 264ff. END OCT ULBRICHÔ  openlù rejectó proposaló foò  all-Germaî                electionó   undeò   prevailinç   conditions.¾ 27 OCT- Foreigî Ministeró Conferencå iî Geneva¬ follo÷-uð       16 NOV tï Genevá Summit® Nï progresó oî Germaî issue¬ Š               eveî afteò Molotoö returastic policy dircetive JCS 1067? NOTE: Organization of the US Group Control Council: headed by General Cornelius Wickhersham (NY lawyer) HQ in Versailles, "tail" in London. "several hundred officers and a few cicilians selected as experts in specific fields of government." Organized "into divisions paralleling the German ministries which were to be siezed and continued in operation under Allied control." Clay incorporated "substantial numbers" of these experts in the MIlitary governmneä tï Mosco÷                briefly.<SFPAS p. 284>                Wheî Macmillaî proposeä thaô discussioî oî                Germanù bå cuô short¬ Molotoö submitó                "refrigeratoò proposals"º á limitatioî oæ militarù                forceó foò eacè Germanù tï 150,000¬ reductioî oæ                occupatioî forceó iî Germanù bù 50%¬ anä non-                aggression pact. <SFPAS p. 285> 26 NOV ULBRICHÔ  declareó  thaô  "Onå  Germanù  doeó  noô                exist®  ..ent "teams working in the field." Corresponding French and British teams organized with HQ in Paris, under Gens. Louis Marie Koeltz and Stanley Woodburn Kirby. The three groups "could thus form committees to discuss subjects of mutual interest." JUN US Group Control Council moves with SHAEF to Frankfurt, Versailles and London parts united in IG Farben buildings in Hoechst. Gen Eisenhower "favored the continuation of SHAEF in an integrated joint occupation of western Germany." Churchill "was al®  Aô  present¬  therå  arå  twï  Germaî                states®  Everythinç elså ió unimportant.¢ Markó  á                shifô iî DDÒ policù goals¬  froí no÷ oî diplomatiã                recognition rather than all-German elections. <1955____________________________________________________________ 1956>   NOTE: MILITARY                 "Bù  195¶ thå Russianó haä decideä  thaô  thå                unificatioî  oæ  Germanù coulä noô bå effecteä  oî                groundó tleged to favor both the continuationof SHAEF and the joint occupation of all the territory held by our armies, rather than withdrawal to the agreed boundaries for occupation purposes." 1941 14 AUG Clay cites the Atlantic Charter point 6 as having "formulated a policy for the re-establishment of a German nation." 1943 5 JAN INTER-ALLIED DECLARATION of LONDON. Clay cites this as a "warning to the German nation that it could not expect to hold the loot of war..." 1944 11-16 SEP 2nd QUEBEC CONFERENCE. Roosevelt and Churchill. Clay writes "It is understood,... that... we gave up our previous insistence on American occupation of northwest Germany and accepted an occupation of south Germany in exchange for the United Kindom's accepatnce in principle of our proposed policy for the treatment of Germany." 1945 3-11 FEB YALTA Clay "was deputy to Justice Byrnes at the time" and knew "of his concern with some of its provisions." "The influence of Yaltaeignty¬ dissolutioî                oæ thå Sovieô Higè Commissioî iî Easô Berlin®                (GdDDR p® 258) 26 SEP Volkskammeò amendó constitutioî tï makå thå                creation of armed forces constitutional. 24 OCT- 25th PLENARY SESSION OF ZK SED. 27 OCT Sourcesº   Wortprotokolì   deò   25®   Tagunç   deó                Zentralkomiteeó  deò SEÄ voí 24.-2· Oktobeò  1955®                O.O.u.J. (Berlin-Ost, 1955)<GdDDR p. 261>                ND™  Nò 25±  cannot be overemphasized. It formed the basis for such joint Allied policy as did result and, while the different interpretations subsequently given to its provisions by the signatory powers showed how different were their purposes and understandings, each of the powers did claim thatits policy was based on its announced understanding of the Yalta Agreement." 1944 14 NOV On the 3 documents signed by the EAC. "It is interesting to note that all of these documents accepted a common occupation o        armeä  forceó oæ thå firsô Workers§ anä  Peasants¢                Poweò  inGermany..®   Thå  ne÷  police¬  whicè  wå                foundeä iî Dresden¬ haä tï bå be <1945___________________________________________________________ 1946>             "...noô  onlù  againsô  formeò  Nationaì                Socialists¬ buô 19 SEP BAVARIA¬  W]RTTEMBERG-BADEÎ anä HESSEΠ officiallù                establisheä  bù  Proclamatioî  ² oæ  thå  Americaî                Militarù    Governmenô    (acquireä     executive¬                legislativå  anä  judiciaì  poweró iî  Marcè  194·                (Proclamation 4)<GQ p. 23> 06 NOV STATES§ COUNCIÌ OÆ UÓ ZONÅ (L{nderrat© establisheä                in Stuttgart. 09 NOV- PARIÓ  CONFERENCÅ OÎ REPARloc." END Witè  thå creatioî oæ thå "Kommissariatå 5¢ (Ë 5)¬                thå  Volkspolizeé addeä functionó oæ  á  politicaì                policå  forcå tïaô  large¬  aó  welì aó thå  proletariat»  iî  thå                circumstanceó oæ 1945¬ thå groupó appealeä tï werå                iî  practicå  alì  thoså witè  thå  potentiaì  foò                influencinç Germaî life®  Aô thå pricå oæ subduinç                itó  previouó characteò (anä oæ dealinç witè  somå                rank-and-filå resentmenô anä confusion)¬ iô boldlù                claimeä foò itselæ thå leadershið oæ thoså forces®                Oî  thå narroweò planå oæ partù acti itó ressort®  Thå Ë µ helpeä  thå                sovieô  occupatioî  forceó iî  thå  denazificatioî                process¬  "...noô  onlù  againsô  formeò  Nationaì                Socialists¬ buô "Fortunately the provisions of JCS/1067 were in some respects general in nature, so that the degree of application was left to the judgment of the miltary governor and some of its more drastic economic and financial provisions were tempereerstanding more difficult to attain. He believed it possible to develop a mutual friendly understanding in which differences would disappear." 1945 14 MAY JCS 1067/6 issued. This policy directive, "which was to guide us for many months (except as modified by the Potsdam protocol)" was issued as JCS 1067/6 on April 26, amended May 10, approved by Pres. Truman and issued 14 May. It was "distributed to key personnel on May 21." Since the directive was classified top secret, the US control councid by the agreements reached in Potsdam. Still, there was no doubt that JCS/1067 contemplated the Carthaginian peace which dominated our operations in Germany during the early months ofoccupation. 5 JUN Four Power (Berlin) Declaration. Clay says that the signing was scheduled for noon, but the Soviets delayed, first due to a "clause in the agreement which would have required the Soviet Government to place Japanese citizens in Russia under arrest." Although this was deleted on Clay's authority, itl group was carying out a policy whose existence they "could not even admit." Directive not made public until October 1945, not replaced in full until 1947. JCS 1067/6 as amended by JCS 1067/8, Par I ...required the decentralization of the German political and administrative structure and the complete severence of all ties between Germany and Austria.... "Consistently we supported a structure which gave adequate but limited powers to a federal governmen was not until 5 p.m. that the Western representatives were takne to Zhukov's HQ for the signing. Eisenhower made a point of leaving the banquet following the signign at six o'clock, as scheduled. V.S. Semeonov was the Soviet representative at this signing. No western military staff representatives remained in Berlin at this time. 29 JUN Meeting with General Zhukov in Berlin to arrange for Allied entry into the city. General Clay(representing Eisenhower), Murphy, Major General Floyd Parks it." Germany was to be occupied as a defeated nation under a just, firm, and aloof administration which would discourage any fraternization. German economy was to be controlled only to the extent necessary to meet the needs ot the occupation forces... The Nazi Party and its affiliates were to be disolved, Nazi laws and regulations annulled. The German armed forces were to be disbanded and arms, ammunition and implements of war were to be sn US delegation. British delegation headed by Lieutenant General Sir Ronald Weeks (previously dep. chief of Imperial General Staff), with Sir W. Strang and "the British troop commander for their Berlin garrison." Zhukov was unwilling to meet with French until French Sector had been determined. Zhukov was accompanied by "his deputy, General of the Army Vassily Sokolovsky, and his political advisor, Arkady Sobelev) troops strength approx. 25,000 each for four sectors. four-day withdrawal period aeized and distroyed. Wa criminals...were to be arrested. ...the document listed a large number of orgainizations ... whose key officials, officers and non-commissioned officers were to be seized and held in internment because of the positions which they had held. "JCS/1067 gave only limited authority to Military Government. It specifically prohibited us from taking any steps to rehabilitate or maintain the German econrgreed for Western troops beginning July 1, US troops to enter Berlin July 4. Reconnaisence teams permitted immediate access to areas to be evacuated. Zhukov limited access routes to one major road and rail route, two air corridors. Weeks and Clay "accepted as a temporary arrangement the allocation... reserving the right to reopen the question in the Allied Control Council." Clay "did not then fully realize that the requirement of unanimous consent would enable a Soviet veto in the Allied Contro    apiä                Bolshevisatioî  anä waó supporteä bù SMAÄ  generaì                Tulpanoö anä thå KPD'ó Ulbricht® JUN- thå   GERMAΠ  PEOPLES§  POLICÅ   "Diå   `Deutschå        JUL     Volkspolizei§  wurdå iî deî Monateî Juni/Julé  194µ                voî  deò sowjetischeî  Besatzungsmachô  gegr}nde chieæ oæ Imperiaì Generaì Staff)¬                witè Siò W®  Stranç anä "thå Britisè trooð commanŠ               deò  foò  theiò Berliî garrison.¢ Zhukoö  waó  un                willinç  tï  meeô witè Frencè untiì Frencè  Sectoò                haä  beeî determined®  Zhukoö waó  accompanieä  bù                "hió   deputy¬   Generaì   oæ  thå  Armù   Vassilù                Sokolovsky¬  anä  hió  politicaì  advisor¬  Arkadù                Sobelev)                 troopó  strengtè t®                Ihrå   personellå   Zusammensetzunç   sowiå   ihrå                politishcå    Ausrichtunç   waò   voî   vornhereiî                eindeutiç kommunistisch® Sowirä iî diå Zeitunç Deò                K{mpfer™ Nò 7/1960¬  anl{~licè deó 15®  Jahrestageó                deò Gr}ndunç deò ~Volkspolizei§ ausgef}hrt¬ daþ eó                `bew{hrtå antifaschistischå Kr{fte§ `unteò F}hrunç                deò   Arbeiterklasse'„  geweseî  seien¬   diå   diå                Ordnungspoli approx®  25,00° eacè  foò  fouò                sectors®  four-daù  withdrawaì perioä argreeä  foò                Westerî  troopó  beginninç Julù 1¬  UÓ  troopó  tï                enteò Berliî Julù 4® Reconnaisencå teamó permitteä                immediatå accesó tï areaó tï bå  evacuated®  1-3 July Americaî  anä  Britisè forceó leavå  Sovieô  zone¬              take over their sectors in Berlin.                 Reconnaisancå   partù  undeò  Coloneì   Franë                Howley¬ witè approx® 50° officeró anä men¬ seô ouô                foò Berliî Junå 30®  Stoppeä bù Sovietó aô  Dessaõ                bridgå  (Elbe©  anä forceä tï reducå numbeò tï  3·                officers¬  17µ  enlisteä men®  Stoppeä outsidå  oæ                B              allocation..®  reservinç  thå righô tï reopeî  thå                questioî iî thå Allieä Controì Council.¢ Claù "diä                noô  theî  fullù realizå thaô thå  requiremenô  oæ                unanimouó  consenô  woulä enablå á Sovieô vetï  iî                thå  Allieä  Controì Counciì tï blocë alì  oæ  ouò                futureó   efforts.¢  Claù  writeó  thaô  hå   "waó                mistakeî iî noô aô thió timå makinç freå accesó tï                Berliî  á  conditioî terlin¬  forceä tï spenä thå nighô iî  Babelsberg®                Alloweä  tï  enteò Berliî oî ±  July¬  buô  Sovieô                representativeó  diä noô relinquisè administrativå Š               responsibilitieó   iî  Americaî   sectoò   despitå                agreement¬  conferenceó  tï arrangå foò  immediatå                transfer of duties. <DecG pp. 30-31>    3 JUL Thå  SMAÄ orderó thå establishmentoæ Lanä  admini                strationó  iî Mecklenburç anä Sachsen¬  anä á proï ouò  withdrawaì  intï  ouò                occupatioî  zone®  Thå imporô oæ thå issuå waó re                cognizeä  buô  É  diä noô  wanô  aî  agreemenô  iî                writinç  whicè establisheä anythinç lesó thaô  thå                righô  oæ unrestricteä access®  Wå werå sincerå iî                ouò desirå tï movå intï Berliî foò thå purposå  oæ                establishinç  quadripartitå government¬  whicè  wå                hopeä woulä develoð betteò understandinç anä solvå                       vinciaì administratioî iî Marë Brandenburg®                Presidenô   oæ   Provinciaì   administratioî    oæ                Brandenburç  -                 Dr®   Karì  Steinhofæ  (SPD)¬                 mosô importanô ministeró                 Bernharä   Bechleò   (KPD©                 Heinricè Rau(KPD)                 Fritú Rueckeò (SPD©                 Franú Scheusner(parteilos©                  Iî Mecklenburg¬  thå Lanä administratioî ió headeä          L----!----!----!---------!-----------------------R                               AJL = The American Journal of International Law                AFP, Basic Doc. = A Decade of Am. For. Pol.                CMR™ ½ Dalå Herspring¬  Easô Germaî  Civil-Militarù                     Relations: The Impact of Technology 1949-72 DecG = Clay, Decision in Germany                EA = Europa Archiv                EGA = Forster, The East German Army  problems." The questions of provisionof food and coal to Berlin were left unsettled. Major General Parks remained in Berlin to act as chief of liason group to arrange the entry of US troops. 7 JUL second meeting of Western military government representatives with Marshal Zhukov in Berlin. "...devoted mainly to a continuationof the discussion concerning the supply of food and fuel for the city and the establishment of the quadripartite government of Berlin." Zhukov insisted that food               FA=Foreign Affairs                GQ= The German Question                               GdDDR = Weber, Geschichte der DDR                IPF= Ra'anan¬  Internationaì  Policù Formatioî  iî                     thå USSR ReIK™  ½  Leonhard¬  Diå Revolutioî  entl{ssô Ihrå Kinder                SBZ->DDR = Weber, Von der SBZ zur DDR, 1945-1968           MSBZ™  ½ Rudolæ Kabeì Diå Militatisierunç deò Sowj.™                 Besatzungszone Deut and fuel for the western sector be supplied by the Western Powers, claiming that eastern Germany and the USSR suffered from a food shortage, and could not feed the western sector. Clay writes that "subject to the establishment of a common ration in all sectors of Berlin and with the understanding that the Control Council when it was established would arrange for the exchangeof food between all zones of occupation to equalize the ration throughout Germany, I accepted the responsibility for bringischlands .he Chronological Notes: DDR 1946 <1945___________________________________________________________ 1946>           16 JAN END OF PARIS CONFERENCE 15 FEB BRITISÈ ZONÅ Zonaì Council¬  consistinç oæ  Germaî            representatives¬    formeä    iî   Hamburg®    Alì               administrativå  authoritù anä functionó vesteä  iî                thå   Militarù   Government®   Thå   L{ndeò   werå                establisheä  iî latteò halæ oæ 1946®  FRENCÈ  ZONÅ ng in the food necessary to support the population in the American sector." Coal was to be supplied from Ruhr rather than Silesia since "Silesian production now belonged to Poland and that the Soviet government had no jurisdiction whatsoever over how it was allocated." The Western reps agreen "that a fair proportion would be provided from the Ruhr, with some brown coal and hydroelectric power to come from eastern Germany." Agreement to form a Kommandatura, composed               L{nder were establish mid-1946. <GQ p. 23) 25 FEB PRUSSIÁ  formallù  dissolveä  bù  Allieä   Controì                Counciì  La÷  No®  46.<GQ™ p®  21¾  "Thå  USSÒ  waó                opposeä tï thå liquidatioî oæ Prussia¢ <GQ™ notå p®                394> 05 MAR CHURCHILL'Ó  "IROΠ CURTAIN¢  speecè  iî   Fulton®                Claims Soviets want to set up a communist Germany. 14 MAR STALIN¬ iî Pravdá interview¬ respondó tï Churchilì                bù   of four Berlin commandants with rotating chairmanship, to serve as top Allied governing body for the city. "We suggested that the Kommandatura be instructed to meet immediately to organize the several departments necessary to govern the city and that each of these departments - including utilities, public safety, food distribution, public health and welfare, and such others as appeared necessary - be supervised by a quadrapartite committee of experts reponsible to the Kommandatura. Transportation and moveml Council to block all of our futures efforts." Clay writes that he "was mistaken in not at this time making free access to Berlin a condition to our withdrawal into our occupation zone. The import of the issue was recognized but I did not want an agreement in writing which established anything less that the right of unrestricted access. We were sincere in our desire to move into Berlin for the purpose of establishing quadripartite government, which we hoped would develop better understanding and solve manyent within the city were to be unrestricted between the sectors. Zhukov was fully in accord with my proposals but he wanted them embodied in a written document... " 10 JUL Third meeting with Zhukov 1946 JULY "after heading the occupation administration in Germany and Soviet Ground forces, Zhukov was abruptly demoted to command of the Odessa Military district (later the Ural district) and expelled from the Central Committee. What Khrushchev later called Stalin's "sickly suspicion" had lighted              bù Dr® Wilhelí Hoeckeò (SPD). 04 JULY UÓ  troopó  ("Leadinç elementó oæ thå  2ä  Armoreä                Division"© arrivå iî Berliî anä paradå iî honoò oæ                nationaì  holiday®   <DecG™  p®   27¾  Gen®   Parkó                instructó  Coloneì Howleù tï takå oveò iî  thå  UÓ                sectoò  "buô don'ô geô iî toï mucè trouble.¢ <DecG™                31> 05 JUL Howleù installó Verwaltungsbezirë commanderó  intï                officeó DecÇ  p.28¾ Thå Westerî repó agreeî "thaô á  faiò Š               proportioî  woulä bå provideä froí thå Ruhr¬  witè                somå  browî coaì anä hydroelectriã poweò  tï  comå                froí easterî Germany.¢                 Agreemenô tï forí á Kommandatura¬ composeä oæ                fouò  Berliî  commandantó witè rotatinç  chairman                ship¬  tï  servå aó toð Allieä governinç bodù  foò                thå city®  "Wå suggesteä thaô thå Kommandaturá  bå    "requisitioneä  oî  thå  spot¢  iî  eacè                borough¬  raiseä thå UÓ flaç anä tolä thå  Germanó                thaô  "hencefortè theù woulä recievå theiò  orderó                froí   thå   Americaî   representatives®    Sovieô                representatives¬  whï riså latå iî thå day¬ rusheä                tï  protest¬  buô  aó usuaì thå faiô accomplé  waó                accepteä  anä wå haä learneä ouò firsô  lessoî  iî                ho÷ tï obtaiî Russiaî consent.¢<DecG p.31>              instructeä  tï  meeô immediatelù tï  organizå  thå                severaì  departmentó necessarù tï goverî thå  citù                anä  thaô  eacè oæ theså  departmentó  - includinç                utilities¬  publiã safety¬ fooä distribution¬ pub                liã  healtè  anä welfare¬  anä sucè otheró aó  ap                peareä  necessarù - bå superviseä bù á  quadrapar                titå  committeå  oæ  expertó  reponsiblå  tï   thå                Kommandatura®  Transporta 7 JUL  Seconä  meetinç  oæ  Westerî  militarù  governmenô                representativeó  witè  Marshaì Zhukoö  iî  Berlin®                "...devoteä mainlù tï á continuationoæ thå discus                sioî  concerninç  thå supplù oæ fooä anä fueì  foò                thå  citù anä thå establishmenô oæ thå  quadripar                titå  governmenô oæ Berlin.¢ Zhukoö insisteä  thaô                fooä  anä fueì foò thå westerî sectoò bå  supplieä                bù thå Westerî Powerstioî  anä movemenô withiî                thå citù werå tï bå unrestricteä betweeî thå  sec                tors® Zhukoö waó fullù iî accorä witè mù proposaló                buô   hå   wanteä  theí  embodieä  iî  á   writteî                document..® ¢ 09 JUL    5 state (L{nder) governements set up. <GQ p. 23> 9   JUL   "zweckó Verwaltunç deò Provinzeî unä Sicherunç deò                Kontrollå  uebeò diå Arbeiô deò  Selbstverwaltung                sorgane...¢  werdeî  ¬  claiminç thaô easterî Ger                manù  anä thå USSÒ suffereä froí á fooä  shortage¬                anä coulä noô feeä thå westerî sector.¾       10 JUL Thirä meetinç witè Zhukov®  Thå establishmenô  oæ                thå  Kommandaturá  confirmed¬  papeò  prepareä  bù                Zhukoö   approved®   Papeò  prepareä  bù  Claù  oî                establishmenô oæ Allieä Controì Counciì noô  giveî                formaì approval¬  duå tï Zhukov'ó neeä tï refeò iô                t          thå  ratioî  throughouô Germany¬  É  accepteä  thå                responsibilitù  foò bringinç iî thå fooä necessarù                tï supporô thå populatioî iî thå Americaî sector.¢                                 Coaì  waó  tï bå supplieä froí Ruhò  ratheò  thaî                Silesiá sincå "Silesiaî productioî no÷ belongeä tï                Polanä anä thaô thå Sovieô governmenô haä nï juri                sdictioî  whatsoeveò oveò ho÷ iô  waó  allocated.¢                <o his govenment.                 NOTEº  Zhukoö doeó noô appeaò tï havå haä thå                samå  degreå oæ authoritù delegateä tï hií aó  diä                Clay®  Perhapó  thió waó á politicaì  device¬  buô                morå probablù reflecteä Stalin'ó desirå tï controì                negotiations¬   possiblù   hió  limiteä  trusô  oæ                Zhukov. 14 July Anti-Fascisô bloã oæ fouò democratiã partieó (fivå               reps each) formed in Berlin. 16  JUL   T    on Zhukov as early as December 1944, when Stalin rejected artillery regulations he felt Zhukov had promulgated without appropriate consultation and ordered him "henceforth fot to act hastily in resolving serious questions.". Zhukov's name had sunk so low that by 1948 shifô   tï conventionaì  Europeaî conflicô insteaä oæ totaì nucleaò  waò  aó focus of Soviet military discussions, approx. parity. New sense of professionalism in EE military elites. ô  controlleä  militarù capabilitieó froí passivå (1950's© tï activå (sincå earlù 1960's© Sovieô  reliancå  oî EÅ militarù contributioî tï  totaì  WTÏ capabilities has increased (1970-1975) Significancå   oæ   EÅ  contributioî  raiseä  bù  a foreign Communist could be assured that his demotion had been for looting jewelry in Berlin"ab v gody voiny, 2 vols. (Moscow, Voenizdat, 1968-73, II, 18-21. Zhukov's name had sunk so low that by 1948Seewalä Verlag¬ Stuttgart¬ 1971. Maø  Opitz¬  Olä communisô anä chieæ oæ thå Praesidialkanzleé  oæ thå  DDÒ  staatspraesidenteî untiì 1960¬  dateó thå Birtè oæ  thå "armeä  forceó oæ thå Germaî workers§ class¢ oî 3± Octobeò  1945® Oî   thió   day¬   thå  SMAÄ  authorizeä  thå   arminç   oæ   thå Volkspolizei.¾ barelù  á  yeaò  lateò iî earlù sommeò 1946¬  thå  middlå  Germaî Soviet - East European Military Relations: An Overview A. Ross Johnson "Thå  domestiã  rolå oæ thå respectivå Easô Europeaî  armieó caî bå analyzeä onlù iî thå contexô oæ thå Easô Europeaî militarù rolå  iî thå Warsa÷ Pacô and¬  morå broadly¬  iî vie÷  oæ  Sovieô assumptionó  abouô  anä planó foò possiblå militarù  conflicô  iî Europe®   Thå   Easå   Europeaî   militarù  rolå   haó   changeä significantly in the last decade." Historical Outline The Consolidation of Power 1944- peoples§ policå haä almosô 5000° men.® "195² waó supposeä tï brinç thå opeî YEÓ tï thå militarizatioî oæ thå Sovieô zone¬ accordinç tï thå wisheó oæ thå SED® Everythinç ¢ ¾ barelù  á  yeaò  lateò iî earlù sommeò 1946¬  thå  middlå  Germaî 1947 Armeä  forceó werå emasculated¬  securitù  forces¬  noô army, used to consolidate Communist Party's role. Sovietization as Stalinization, 1948-1952 Rationalization, Upheaval, and Renationalization, 1953-1959 A New Military Purpose and Institution Building, 1960-1968 Reorganization of the Military Command since 1968 Key Issues in Soviet -East European Military Relations Today Soviet Military Hegemony The WTO as a Quasi Alliance Conclusion Neeorkeshkin¬ Anatolié Petrovich Natsional'naiá apmiiá GDR® Moskvá (1960) *LEÈ UA/719.3/.L64 Lolland¬ Joerg zõ  Befehì Genosså Unterleutnant»  authentischå Berichtå auó  deí Alltaç deò NVA® Stuttgarô (1971) *LEÈ UA719.3/.S78/1976 Studiengruppå Militaerpolitik. Diå Nationalå Volksarmeeº  eiî Anti-weissbucè zuí Militaeò iî deò DDR® Reinbeë beé Hamburgº Rowohlt¬ 1976. LEÈ HX/15/.G468/196¸ Nr® 11a. Wettig¬ Gerhard. Thå  Sovieô decisioî tï rearí Easô Germany®  Á caså studù oæ  thå earlù colä ä  "morå understandinç oæ thå  composition¬  motivations¬ anä   attitudeó   oæ   tå   nationaì   Easô   Europeaî   militarù establishments. Review suggests that USSR has considered EE a military asset Shifô  iî  EÅ  contributioî tï  Sovieô  controlleä  militarù capabilitieó froí passivå (1950's© tï activå (sincå earlù 1960's© Sovieô  reliancå  oî EÅ militarù contributioî tï  totaì  WTÏ capabilities has increased (1970-1975) Significancå   oæ   EÅ  contributioî  raiseä  bù waò period® Koelî BIOst¬ 1968. *LEÈ UA/719.3/.G6 Godau¬ Heinz Verfuehrteò  Verfuehrer®  Icè waò Politoffizieò deò  NVA®  Koelnº Markus¬ 1965) Š *LEÈ UÁ 719.3/.H64 Hoffmann¬ Heinz Sozialå Landesverteidigung® Auó Redeî unä Aufsaetzeî 196³ bió Februaò 1970® ² vols® Berlinº Deutscheò Militaerverlag¬ 1971. *LEÈ UA/719.3/.N38 Narocki¬ Joachim Bewaffnetå  Organå iî deò DDRº  Nationalå Volksarmeå  unä anderå militaerischå sowiå paramilitaerischå  Verbaendeº  Audbau¬ Bewaffnung¬ Aufgabeî     huringeî  Landeó administratioî establisheä undeò                thå   formeò  Regierungspraesidenô                   Dr® Hermanî Brill(SPD)                      17  JUL    Thå  SMAÄ "setzô fueò diå Provinú  Sachsen-Anhalô                einå Provinzialverwaltunç ("Praesidium"© ein.¢                 Dr®  Erharä  Huebeneò  (LDP©                  Roberô Siewerô (KPD©                 Ernsô Thape(SPD)                  Willù Lohmanî (LDP©                 U.S.S.R.                "Reparationó   (externaì  assets¬   gold¬   ships¬                factorù equiptmenô anä currenô production© werå tï                bå  takeî froí Germanù iî thå forí oæ  commoditieó                withiî  á  perioä oæ  twï  years®  Thå  reparatioî                claimó  oæ thå USÒ werå tï bå meô froí itó zonå oæ                occupation‚ 17 JUL- POTSDAM CONFERENCE 02 AUG    Stipulations regarding Germany <GQ pp. 22-23>                "1©  Politicaì  Principles®  Thå settinç uð  oæ  á                controì   systeí   similaò   tï   thå   Four-Poweò Š               declaration¬ uniformitù oæ treatmenô oæ thå Germaî                populatioî   throughouô  Germany®   Thå   completå                disarmamenô anä demilitarizatioî oæ Germany.   ì  capitaì equiptmenô deemeä  unnecessarù             foò á Germaî peacå economy¬  iî exchangå foò otheò <<1945>>       commodities...¬  aó  welì  aó  10¥  oæ  industriaì            captial equiptment without any compensation. 22 JUL Presidenô Trumaî attenä officiaì raisnç oæ  coloró                aô UÓ HÑ Berlin® Claù deeplù impressed® <DecGpp44-                45> 25 JUL "1±  centraì administrativå authorities¢ seô uð iî                Germany <GQ p. 23>        25               \/            "2® Economiã principles® Germanù waó tï bå treateä                aó á singlå economiã uniô durinç thå perioä oæ thå                occupationº  Allieä controì oæ thå Germaî economy¬                            Brennstofæ - Dr® Ferdinanä Friedensburg (CDU)                 Industriå - Leï Scripscinski¬ KPD                 Ackerbaõ - Edwiî Hoernlå KPD                 Finanzeî - Heinricè Meier                 Arbeitskraeftå - Gustaö Gundelach Š                Erziehunç - Pauì Wandeì KPD                 Justiú - Dr® Eugeî Schiffer¬ LDP                 Gesundheiô - Pauì Konitzer                 Handeì - Dr® Buschmann¬ SPD        "(Dieså  zentralå "Deutscheî     maiî  emphasió tï bå placeä oî thå developmenô  oæ                agriculturå  anä  oæ peacå ndustrieó foò  consumeò                goods¬   decartelizatioî  oæ  largå   enterprises¬                Allieä  controì  oveò  Germaî  assetó  iî  forienç                countries¬  stipulatioî  oæ thå livinç standarä iî                Germanù whicè waó noô tï exceeä thå averagå oæ thå                standardó   oæ  livinç  oæ   Europeaî   countries¬                excluding Great Britain and the Verwaltungen¢ deò SBÁ                sinä  voî  Anfanç aî tatsaechlicè  nuò  Unter- unä                Hilfs-behoerdeî deò SMAD¬  diå miô deutscheî Sach                verstaendigeî besetzô werden....)" 28 JUL BRITISÈ DELEGATIOÎ tï Potsdaí REPLACED®  ATLEÅ anä                BEVIN replace CHURCHILL and EDEN. 30 JUL ALLIEÄ  CONTROÌ  COUNCIÌ  openeä  iî  BERLIN®   Iî                preparatorù meeting¬  Sovietó insisô thaô HÑ bå iî                UÓ  sectoò  anä t   Frankfurter Rundschau 42:119/22 (Monday, 26 May 1986) p. 1 "Gorbatschow rief siene Botschafter nach Moskau" (dpa) A short account of Gorbachev's "ueberraschend einberufenen Konfernez" of all Soviet ambassadors. Notes that this is first such meeting in the history of the USSR. Quotes TASS to the effect that G presented a long speech in which Soviet diplomatic activity in the last decade were "critically" and "exactly" reviewed. TASS further cited that measures were taken to perfect the achievement       "Zhdanovschina" was authorized. 21 Apr SED founded 25 APR- PARIS COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS 12 JUL    Byrneó  Proposaì  foò Fouò  Poweò  Treatù  oî                demilitarizatioî  oæ Germanù submitteä agaiî  (seå                SEP 1945).                NOTEº  Aô thió time¬  MOLOTOÖ waó arguinç oveò ho÷                lonç Germanù shoulä remaiî  demilitarized®  Byrneó                suggesteä 2µ years¬  Molotoö insisteä oî 40.<GdDDR™               of the strategic goals of the latest Party Congress through soviet diplomacy. (Es seien Massnahmen getroffen worden, um die Realisierung der strategischen Linie des juengsten Parteitages durch die Diplomatie zu perfektionieren. Die Welt Nr. 119/22(Springer Verlag) Monday, 26 May, 1986 p. 8 "Gorbatschow haelt jetzt die Zuegel der Aussenpolitik fest in der Hand: Abrechnung mit den Diplomaten der Gromyko-Aera/ Geheimkonferenz in Moskau" R.M. Borngaesser, Moskau. Article with commentary, overall tone  p®   145®   citinç  Moloto÷  ]beò  daó   Schicksal™                Deutschlands™  (nï  placå  oò date© editeä  bù  SEÄ                Berlin¬ 1946> Š MAY MALENKOÖ  demoted¬  replaceä aó Partù Secretarù bù                N.S®    Patolichev®    Possiblå   causeó   includå                Malenkov'ó handlinç oæ Reparationó froí thå Sovieô                Occupatioî Zone¬  á culturaì disputå witè Zhdanov¬                anä  hió wartimå insulô tï Majoò  Vassilé  Stalin¬                pemphasizes the authority of the General secretary, and the criticism of the Gromyko-Brezhnev diplomatic corps. Borngaesser sees the Moscow meeting as "offenbar der erste Schriit su einer tiefgreifenden Umstruktuierung des Auswaertigen Dienstes." He refers to Gorbochev's Party Congress report, in which continuity was said not to mean that things could proceed along the same lines as before. Borngaesser argues that the dipolomatic service is more and more a "willing instrument in the hands of the Generalaiä  bacë  iî  thå forí oæ  beinç  implicateä  iî                indictmenô  oæ  A.I®   Shakurin¬  formeò  Peoples§                commisaò oæ Aviatioî Industry®  Connecteä witè thå                rise of A.A. ZHDANOV at the Kremlin. <IPF p.23>                 11 JUL CONTROÌ   COUNCIÌ  MEETINÇ  Britaiî  takeó  uð  UÓ                proposaì  tï  carrù ouô uniforí  economiã  policy®                Plaî presenteä bù UÓ MIlitarù Governoò McNearù  2°  /\            July® Britaiî agreeä  secretary." This is said to have been demonstrated already with the early promotion of Gromyko out of the foriegn Minister's post. Gornachev is said to have been displeased with the development of the diplomatic corps underGromyko to a clique of weel-fed functionaries "Unter Gromyko hatte sich... eine satte Funktionaers-Clique etabliert." Yurii Dubinin's appointment as ambassador to Washington is seen as Gorbachev's latest coup, since a young, relatively inexperienced Romanist, with little English langua1 Aug¬ Francå rejecteä iô 1° 1946           Aug¬  USSÒ abstained© Thió leä tï establishmenô oæ \/            Bizonia.<GQ pp. 24-25>      25 JUL Cà CPSÕ resolutioî toughenó admissioî criteriá foò                CPSU. Linked with ZHDANOVSCHINA. 2 AUG Cà CPSÕ  resolutioî (crediteä tï  Zhdanov'ó  allù                A.A® Kuznetsov© oî "traininç anä re-training¢ CPSÕ                members¬  setó  uð severaì leveló oæ higheò  partù                schools¬  morå "self-critisayinç  iô ió noô surprisinç thaô  USSÒ  woulä                insisô  oî  havinç  govermentó loyaì  tï  USSÒ  iî                neighboring countries. 27 MAR Cà CPSÕ resolutioî calló foò Partù  organizationó                tï  "develoð broadlù theiò masó politicaì work¢ iî                supporô  oæ thå Fivå Yeaò Plan®  Supporô foò  thió                plan¬ developeä bù Zhdanov'ó allù Voznesenskii¬ ió                seeî   aó   parô  oæ  á  procesó  bù   whicè   thå          cisí meetings¢ etc® AUG "Schoî  ií  Augusô  194¶  wurdå  siå                  05 SEP BIZONAÌ  AGREEMENÔ foò thå economiã unificatioî oæ                thå UÓ anä Britisè zoneó signeä bù Sec'ù oæ  Statå                Byrnes and Foreign Minister Bevin.<GQ p. 25>                 AFP     haô Eisenhoweò  shoulä  bå  firsô                chairman®  US - Eisenhower¬  Clay¬  Murphy¬  Geî  Parkó                (Berliî commandant)¬  anä sen®  stafæ sec'y» Brô -                Montgomery¬  Geî  Weeks¬  Siò Williaí Stranç  (no÷                perm®  Undersec'ù  oæ Brit®  For®  Ofc)¬  anä Gen®                J.F.M.Whitely»  USSR- Zhukov¬  Vishinskù  (noô  aô                lateò   mtgs)¬    Sobeleö   (polit®   adv.©   Gen®                Sokolovsky»   Fò  - deð  mil®   gov®  Geî  Koelt              Britisè  anä Americaî occupatioî zones®  Drafô waó                accepteä  aô  thå  YALTÁ  CONFERENCE.<GQ p. 19>                Sources:              Mosley¬   "Thå   Occupatioî  oæ  Germany¢  FA™            1949/50, PP. 597FF. Oî thå ³ documentó signeä bù thå EAC®  "Iô ió                interestinç  tï  notå thaô alì oæ theså  documentó                accepteä á commoî occupatioî oæ Berliî anä yeô  nï                onå  oæ theí containeä anù guz®                <DecG33¾ Controì counciì papeò stilì needeä tï  bå                formally approved at Potsdam Conference. 02 AUG END of POTSDAM Conference.                POTSDAM protocol signed.                 "Foò  thå  nexô fouò yearó thió waó thå  mosô                importanô   documenô   bearinç   oî   thå   Germaî                Problem....Iî  facô thå parô pertaininç tï  Germaî                affairó  waó  thå "rulå oæ law¢ foò threå  oæ  thå                occupyinçaranteå oæ accesó  oò                specifiã provisioî foò truck¬  rail¬ anä aiò righô                oæ  way®  Thió omissioî waó noô accidentaì anä haä                beeî  discusseä  witè ouò  representativå  oî  thå                Europeaî  Advisorù Commissioî bù Mr®  Murphy®  Am                bassadoò  Winanô believeä thaô thå righô tï bå  iî                Berliî  carrieä  witè iô thå righô oæ  accesó  anä                thaô  iô woulä onlù confuså thå issuå tï raiså  iô                  poweró   iî   thå    monthó    ahead®                Unfortuneatelù iô coulä noô becomå thå rulå oæ la÷                foò thå Allieä Controì Council®  Thå Counciì coulä                acô  onlù  bù  unanimouó consenô anä  onå  oæ  itó                members¬  France¬  waó  noô  á partù tï anä  neveò                accepted the protocol in full." <DecG p.39>                 Notå  thaô thå Potsdaí protocoì negateä  somå                oæ  thå  financiaì  anä  economiã  provisionó   oæ   iî connectioî witè thå agreement® Hå felô stronglù                thaô  iô  woulä aroså Sovieô  suspicioî  anä  makå                mutuaì understandinç morå difficulô tï attain®  Hå                believeä  iô possiblå tï develoð á mutuaì friendlù                understandinç    iî   whicè   differenceó    woulä                disappear.¢ <DecG® p.15> 1944____________________________________________________________ 1945>                           JCS/1067®  Thå  Allieä  Controì  Counciì  waó  "no÷                specificallù  chargeä  witè thå developmenô  oæ  á                balanceä  economù  whicè woulä placå Germanù oî  á                self-sustaininç  basis¢ insteaä oæ beinç  tolä  tï                staù   ouô  oæ  thå  economù  excepô  tï   prevenô                inflation.<DecG p.41>                 Claù writes¬ "Perhapó withouô thå Frencè vetï                wå   coulä  havå  createä  centraì  administrativå                agencieó  foò Germanù aó á wholå withiî thå  firsô                siø monthó anä struggleä withiî anä throughô  theí                foò  á  commoî economiã policy...®  Iô mighô  havå                beeî morå difficulô foò theså differeneceó  10 AUG Second session of ALLIED CONTROL COUNCIL                 Approveä      papeò     estabilishinç     itó                organisation®  (prepareä  bù  Clay'ó  stafæ  undeò                directioî oæ Lt®  Col®    Basic Doc Doc 91, pp. 528ff. 06 SEP Iî speecè iî Stuttgart¬ sec'ù BYRNEÓ calló foò thå                economiã   unitù   anä  strengtheninç  oæ   Germaî                authority in political and economic affairs. SEP Eugenå  S®  Varga'ó  Changeó  iî  thå  Economù  oæ                Capitalisí  aó  á resulô oæ thå Seconä  Worlä  War™                published®  Vargá waó directoò oæ thå Institutå oæ                worlä  Economicó  anä Worlä  Politics®  Hió  majoò                      Beriá  anä Malenkoö werå absent¬  aó werå Mikoyan¬                Molotov¬  Voroshilov¬  Andreyev¬  Kaganovich¬  anä                Krushchev®  "oæ thå seventeeî personalitieó oî thå                rostrum..®  nï  lesó thaî teî appeaò tï havå  beeî                parô  of¬  oò  aô leasô tï havå  maintaineä  closå                connectionó to¬ thå Leningraä groupº A.A® Zhdanov¬                A.A®  Voznesenskii¬  A.N® Kosygin¬ A.A® Kuznetsov¬                N.G®  Kuznetsov¬ G.M® Po      opponent¬  Voznesenskii¬  waó á Zhdanoö ally¬  anä                theiò  debatå becamå famouó iî  1947-48®                  Majoò  themeó  iî Varga'ó worë  includeä  thå                changå iî thå statuó oæ largå colonieó froí debtoò                tï creditoró vis-a-vió England¬ obviatinç neeä foò                revolutionariå struggle»  U.S®  tï suprasó Britaiî                aó  maiî exportinç nation»  wartimå regulatioî  oæ                economiepov¬ Generaì A.V® Khrulev¬                N.S®  Patolichev¬  anä Marshaló L.A®  Govoroö  anä                I.S. Konev." 14 Nov draft constitution of DDR published by SED 28 NOV SMAÄ  instructó GAÉ (Germaî Administratioî oæ  thå                Interior©  tï  seô uð  barrackeä  Germaî  Frontieò                policå (Deutschå Grenzpolizei© (DGP)® Bù December¬                therå  werå  300° frontieò policemeî iî  barracks®                <EGA™ p® 18ó  haä  provideä capitalisô stateó witè  á                controì mechanisí foò delayinç crises¬ whicè woulä                delaù    generaì   crisió   oæ   capitalisí    foò                considerable time. OCT Cà CPSÕ  sponsoró meetinç oæ headó  oæ  personneì                departmentó    oæ   locaì   anä   regionaì   partù                committees, outlined new cadres policies. 28 OCT STALIÎ denieó Byrneó thesió oæ increaseä  tensionó              > END POLITICAÌ POLICÅ functionó iî thå MINISTRÙ OÆ  THÅ                INTERIOÒ  "Endå  194¶ wurdå danî iî deò  Deutscheî                Verwaltunç  deó Innerî eiî Referaô Ë  µ  gebildet¬                daó  dieså  politischeî Polizeiaufgabeî iî  zuneh                mendeò Selbstst{ndigkeiô wahrnahm.¢ <MSBZ p. 26> <1946____________________________________________________________ 1947>   betweeî  thå  UÓ  anä thå  USSR®  <GdDDR™  p®  146»                T{gliche Rundschau Nr. 253(450) 29.10.46> Š OCT- LANDTAG ELECTIONS NOV    takå  placå  iî Westerî  zones®  Alì  oæ  thå                stateó  iî  thå Westerî zoneó acquireä  theiò  owî                consititutions¬   anä   parliamentarù   governmntó                replaceä thoså appointeä bù thå occupyinç forces®                <GQ, p. 24>        6 Nov   Zhdanov'ó  speecè  "developeä  thå  thnä  foò severaì years¬  anä  now<1965¾  Deputù                Foreigî  Minister»  Walteò  K|ppe¬  á  "relativelù                unimportanô functionarù whï dieä iî "63»  Wolfganç                Leonhard¬  whï  fleä  Easô Germanù iî 194¹ anä  ió                today<1965¾  á writeò anä journalisô iî  thå  FRG»                Hanó Mahle¬  generaì directoò oæ thå radiï networë                iî thå Sovieô Occupatioî Zonå afteò 1945¬ whï felì                ouô  aæ  favoò anä ió presentlù <1965¾  emå  oæ                opposinç   blocó   anä  thå   antagonisí   betweeî                them." 7 Nov "Paradå  oæ thå (temporary© victors.¢ Witè  Staliî                iî Soché duå tï hearô trouble¬ thå "Zhdanoö group¢                dominateä  thå officialó oî thå rostruí  reviewinç                thå  paradå  iî honoò oæ thå  Octobeò  revolution®    Editoò  iî                Chief oæ  thå  KPÄ newspapeò iî  Berlin»  anä  Ottï                Winzer¬  presentlù Deputù Foreigî Ministeò iî Easô                Germany»  iî addition¬ á technicaì secretarù whoså                name is not known.                                HITLEÒ   COMMITÓ   SUICIDÅ  01 MAY Nazé  Generaì  KREBÓ arriveó aô Generaì  CHIU   Roberô Bowie© Headeä bù Co-                ordinatinç Committeå (composeä oæ fouò  dep®  mil®                governors©  witè  poweró includinç supervisioî  oæ                Allieä  Secretariat¬  Liasoî anä Protocoì  Sectioî                (woulä  servå foreigî missionó accrediteä  tï  thå                Council)¬  Administrativå Bureau¬  directorateó oæ                government¬  anä Berliî Kommandatura® Directorateó                incl.º  Military¬  Naval¬ Aiò (tï bå combineä intï        Waò IÉ equipmenô anä arms.¢ CMR™ p®                44> OCT "Ií   Ministeriuí  deó  Innerî  deò  DDÒ  wirä  diå                Hauptverwaltunç  f}ò Ausbildunç (HVA©  geschaffen®                Deò HVÁ werdeî jenå Volkspolizeibereitschafteî unä                -schuleî unterstellt¬ miô dereî Bildunç seiô mittå                194¸  unteò Leitunç deò Deutscheî  Verwaltunç  deó                Innerî  begonneî wurde.¢ Thå HVÁ ió á steð iî  thå                establishmenô  (Konstituierun        Combineä Serviceó dir®  later)¬ Transport¬ Politi                cal¬  Economic¬  Finance¬  Reparations¬ Deliverieó                anä Restitutions¬  Internaì Affairó anä Communica                tions¬  Legal¬ Prisoneró oæ Waò anä Displaceä per                sons¬  Manpower¬  anä Germaî Externaì property® UÓ                delegatioî suggesteä thaô fivå oæ these¬  (Trans.¬                Econ.¬ Fin.¬ Int® Aff® ¦ Comm.¬ anä Legal© werå tï                establisè Germaî administrativå                AJL = The American Journal of International Law                AFP, Basic Doc. = A Decade of Am. For. Pol.                CMR™ ½ Dalå Herspring¬  Easô Germaî  Civil-Militarù                     Relations: The Impact of Technology 1949-72                EA = Europa Archiv                EGA = Forster, The East German Army                FA=Foreign Affairs                GQ= The German Question                               GdDDR = Weber, Geschichte decreatå thå basió oæ á moderî  militarù                force®  Instead¬  remeberinç thå rolå oæ hostilå                Germaî  militarù haä playeä iî thå persecutioî  oæ                communistó anä socialistó botè durinç anä prioò tï                thå  war¬  thå SEÄ resolveä tï creatå  á  militarù                leadershið  thaô woulä protecô iô froí anù  threaô                iî  thå future¬  regardlesó oæ thå source."<CMR™  p®                43-44> /\             "..®  insteaä  oæ ir DDR                SBZ->DDR = Weber, Von der SBZ zur DDR, 1945-1968           MSBZ™  ½ Rudolæ Kabeì Diå Militatisierunç deò Sowj.™                 Besatzungszone Deutschlands Chronology <1961____________________________________________________________ 1962> BATOV, P.I. WTO Chief of Staff 24 Jan Volkskammeò passeó la÷ oî nationaì service¬ alsï                applieó tï Easô Berlin.      7 Jun     FIFTH PCC session (Albania boycotts) 22 Aug Snvestinç timå anä moneù iî 1949           educatinç  theså individualó ¬  theù                 Ernsô  Richerô  noteó that¬  althougè  formeò                Nazió  diä  noô  gaiî  entrancå  tï  thå   SBZ/DDÒ                administratioî iî mosô oviet city Kommandura of Berlin dissolved 23 Aug NVA General named city commandant in East Berlin. 3-5 Oct 17th SED Plenum; new Party Programme, statute. <1962____________________________________________________________ 1963> 15-21 Jan SIXTH SED CONGRESS 08 MAR KRUSCHEV¬   iî  á  speecè  iî  Neueó  Deutschland¬                accuseó  BERIÁ anä MALENKOÖ aó havinç proposeä thå                liquidatioî  oæ  thå DDÒ aó  á  soscilaisô  State®                "Theù  advareas¬  "Thå onlù exceptioî                concernó   thå  establishmenô  oæ  thå  DDÒ  armeä                forces¬  whicè iî thå beginninç tï á  considerablå                degree¬   waó  iî  thå  handó  oæ  higè  Wehrmachô                officeró   whï   eitheò  deserteä  oò   werå   re-                educated."                 "Iî  addition¬  thå KVÐ waó forceä tï relù oî                outdateä Worlä iseä  thå SEÄ tï withdra÷ thå slogaî  oæ                thå  strugglå foò Socialism®  Thå Party'ó  Centraì                Committeå  indignantlù rejecteä  theså  traitorouó                proposaló  anä strucë thå provocateuró á  crushinç                blow." 28 Jun Khruschev in GDR for Ulbricht's birthday 4 July 25 July Partial Test ban Treaty 26 Jul    SIXTH PCC session (Albania boycotts) <1963______________________________________________                   AJL = The American Journal of International Law                AFP, Basic Doc. = A Decade of Am. For. Pol.                CMR™ ½ Dalå Herspring¬  Easô Germaî  Civil-Militarù                     Relations: The Impact of Technology 1949-72                DndK=S.I. Tiul'panov Deutschland nach dem Kriege                EA = Europa Archiv                EGA = Forster, The East German Army                FA=Foreign Affairs                GuO=Documents on G  controì                council plan for postwar Germany.                 "Thå  Socialisô  Unitù  Partù  seeó  iî  thió                resulô  noô  onlù thå succesó oæ itó worë foò  thå                GErmaî people¬  buô alsï thå succesó oæ thå policù                it stands for."                DDR = Weber, Von der SBZ zur DDR, 1945-1968           MSBZ™  ½ Rudolæ Kabeì Diå Militatisierunç deò Sowj.™                 Besatzungszone Deutschlands                ND=Neues Deutschland                ZzM = Zeittafel zur Milit{rgeschichte der DDR Chronology <1946____________________________________________           Administratioî  oî 1± Januarù 1947<GuO™  pp.202-20³                <ND™ 1¶ Jaî 47>>>                 30 JAN- SEÄ  DELEGATIOΠ IΠ MOSCO×:  Wilhelí  PIECK¬  Ottï       07 FEB   GROTEWOHL¬  Walteò  ULBRICHT¬  Maø  FECHNER¬  Freä                OELSSNER®  Meô  bù  Josepè STALIÎ oî 3±  JAN¬  whï                "informeä them¢ abouô policù oî Germany® <GdDDR™ p®                152¾ Webeò seeó thió aó thå poinô aô whicè thå SEÄ                waó   instructeä   tï  follo÷  ________________ 1947> 1 Jan BIZONIA formed 11 JAN Meetinç betweeî Cà SEÄ anä representativeó oæ  thå                SMAD                 SMAD: C-in-C of Sov. Occ. Forces Marshal Sokolovsky                 "his deputites" Col Gen Kurochkin                 Lt Gen Makarov                 "Head of the Political Adminstration"                 Col Tulpanov                 SUPG:"two Chairmen" Pieck and Grotewohl     thå   ne÷   Sovieô                "demarcation¢  policy¬  buô noteó thaô thå  germaî                Communistó  considereä  thå maintenancå  oæ  theiò                dominanô  positioî iî thå SBÚ morå importanô  thaî                developmenô oæ aî alì germaî politicaì unity®  "Sï                lag diå  neuå sowjetischå Politië deò Abgrenzunç  laç                aucè   ganú   iî  ihrem Interesså."                 <>                 <>                NOTEº  Iô  appearó  thaô noô alì  SEÄ  politicianó                shareä  thå  viewó oæ thió grouð arounä  Ulbricht¬                thoså  whï  wenô tï thå  Municè  Ministerpresidenô                conferencå  iî  Junå belongeä tï á grouð  oæ  whaô                Webeò  calló thå "non-Stalinist¢ SEÄ  politicians®                <GdDDR p. 153> 25 FEB Controì  Counciì La÷ #4¶ abolisheó thå  statå  oæ   woulä noô bå takeî froí consumeò                goods¬  excepô  foò smalì  percentage¬  Nï  shoes¬                clothing would be taken.                 5®   Potasè   productioî  woulä  bå  exempô  froí                reparations to help food production.                 6®  Morå ra÷ materialó tï tradesmeî anä artisans¬                to improve supply of consumer goods.                 7®  SBÚ  productioî  ratå woulä bå ² tï  ³  timeó                higheò  thaî  thaô  outlineä  iî  Allieä                Prussia.                 <GuO™  p®  210>                Sokolovskù statemenô tï thå Controì Counciì oî thå                Bizone Fusion Agreement.                 <GuO p.211-217>                 "Onå cannoô regarä aó normaì anä  permissablå                á situatioî iî which¬ alongsidå thå Allieä Controì                Counciì  iî  Germanù oî whicè alì  fouò  occupyinç       ______________ 1964> 29 May Ulbrichô goeó tï USSR» 1² Junå signó Treatù oæ                Friendship¬ Mutuaì Aiä anä Cooperation. Oct Khrushchev removed from power <1964____________________________________________________________ 1965> 19 JAN PCà meetinç iî Warsa÷ (initiateä bù ULBRICHT¬  sayó Kosygiî                - Simoî p® 28© maù havå discusseä questioî oæ NSWÐ accesó tï                nucleaò weapons® Internaì pressureó pitteä Polisè anä Germaî                tï MOSCO×  aó      -15 AUG   guesô  oæ Sovieô government®  Accompanieä bù Brig®                Geî T.J®  Davis¬ Lt® Johî Eisenhoweò (hió son© anä                Gen®  Clay®  Eisenhoweò  treateä witè  astonishinç                gooä  will¬  inviteä tï stanä oî Lenin'ó tomâ  foò                Sportó Paradå revie÷ witè Stalin»  Staliî accepteä                Eisenhower'ó  informaì invitatioî tï joiî theí  aô                thå  embassù (Harrimaî saiä iô waó thå firsô  timå                sucè Partieó  againsô Hungariná anä Rumaniaî oî questioî oæ rela                tionó witè FRG¬ Brezhneö attempteä tï "furtheò perfect¢ WTÏ                iî ordeò tï acquirå greateò politicaì control® (Simoî p® 30)            Mar Gheorghiu-Dej dies Apr Unsuccessfuì  couð againsô Zhivkoö revealed¬  whicè involveä                higè  rankinç armù anä partù officialó anä  haä  anti-Sovieô                overtones. (Simon p. 27) Š Jun Ceausescõ  unilaterallù reduceó compul á visisô bù á higè Sovieô officiaì haä  beeî                made)¬  etc® <DecG™ p® 48¾ Thå visiô convinceä Claù                anä Eisenhoweò "thaô wå haä founä á sincerå frienä                iî Marsahì Zhukov.¢ Claù noteó thaô thió  optimisí                waó  noô shareä bù Harrimaî anä Deane¬  noò bù Mr®                Pauleù  whï  "haä  beeî iî  Mosco÷  foò  weekó  tï                discusó  reparations¬  KAZAKOV, M.I. WTO chief of Staff                KOSHEVOI, P.K. commander of GSFG                <1966____________________________________________________________ 1967> 31 JAN Rumania establishes dipl. rels with FRG Mar GRECHKO, A.A. removed from WTO CinC post July YAKUBOVSKIY, I.I. appointed WTO CinC <1967____ pp. 49-50> 27 AUG Politicaì Partieó authorizeä aô Kreió leveì iî  UÓ                zone of Occupation. <DecG p. 87> 10 SEP- LONDON COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS 02 OCT Jameó  Byrneó submitó Four-Poweò Treatù oî thå                demilitarization of Germany 31 OCT SMAD approves armament of the People's Police                "Thió becamå thå birth-houò fï thå armeä forceó oæ                thå  Germaî workinç class¬  thå birth-houò oæ  thå            ________________________________________________________ 1968> SHTEMENKO, S.M. WTO Chief of Staff 20-21 Aug GDÒ participateó iî invasioî oæ Czechoslovakia®                Ulbrichô justifieó NVÁ presencå iî "appeaì tï                citizens of the GDR" 21 Aug. <1969> <1970____________________________________________________________ 1971>            KURKOTKIN, S.K. GSFG cmdr <1971____________________________________________________________ 1972>            IVANOVSKIY, Yevge    armeä  forceó oæ thå firsô Workers§ anä  Peasants¢                Poweò  inGermany..®   Thå  ne÷  police¬  whicè  wå                foundeä iî Dresden¬ haä tï bå be                 Noteº  Allieä  Controì  Counciì haä  noô  yeô                receiveä  officiallù  thå Potsdaí  Protocoì  oæ  ²                Aug.<DecGp.45> 10 AUG Generaì EISENHOWEÒ oî officiaì visiô wî intï á reliablå                instrumenô oæ thå workinç class.¢ Ottï  Opitz¬  iî                "á reporô oæ thå Institutå foæ Marzisí Leninisí iî                Octobeò 1959¢ <EGA™ p®  17¾ SMAÄ decreå ió contrarù                tï  generaì practicå iî thå threå westerî zoneó oæ                á     decentralizeä     policå     force¬      thå                administrationsoæ  thå fivå SBÚ stateó werå  giveî                "fulì poweró tï integratå municipaì policå  forceó                             poweró  arå represented¬  therå existó á two-partù                Anglo-Americaî   counciì  foò  thå  Americaî   anä                Britisè  zoneó  oæ occupation¬  witè  aî  economiã                programmå  whicè runó counteò tï thå decisionó  oæ                thå Berliî Conference¬ completelù ignoreó thå neeä                foò  eliminatinæ  waò economiã  potentiaì  anä  oæ                fulfillinç   reparationó   deliveries¬    anä   ió                hamperinç  thå fulfillme revanchistó aî excuså  foò                ne÷  agression®  Sokolovskù attackó westerî  planó                foò  á federaì Germany¬  restrictinç thå  nationaì                unitù  oæ Germany¬  whicè hå doubtó "woulä  reallù                enjoù  thå supporô oæ thå Germaî people.¢ Hå  askó                "Woulä iô noô bå betteò tï granô thå Germaî peoplå                aî opportunitù tï expresó theiò opinioî freelù anä                withouô  compulsioî  witè regarä tï thå  politicaì       nô oæ thå programmå oæ thå                economiã   rehabilitatioî   oæ   Germanù   aó    á                whole."<213>                 ...                 "Ho÷  caî  onå  profesó  á  desirå  foò   thå                economiã   unitù  oæ  Germanù  whilå  iî  practicå                separatinç  heò basiã industriaì wealtè  froí  thå                other part of Germany?"<214>                 ...                 "...thå  agreemenô oî zonå fusioî  orientateó                thå          settlement of their country?" 28 FEB Iî  hió  replù tï Sokolovsky¬  Siò Sholtï  Douglaó                (Brit Mil Governor) states that                "Aó haó alreadù beeî formallù stateä iî Londoî  nï                agreemenô whateveò existó foò thå politicaì fusioî                oæ  thå Britisè anä Americaî Zones»  noò havå  anù                plans for this end been discussed."<218>                 Hå  alsï  noteó thaô thå Soviets§  criticismó                woulä  bå s tradå oæ theså zoneó onlù towarä thå  Westerî                countries®  Thå  probleí  oæ  thå  developmenô  oæ                inter-zonaì commercå ió completelù by-passed®  Alì                thå  remaininç territorù oæ Germanù ió considered¬ Š               aó  regardó thå fuseä bi-zonaì  unit¬  aó  foreigî                land"<214>                 ...                 "Iæ  Germanù  ió split¬  thió caî  hardlù  bå                usefuì  tï anyone®  Neitheò woulä Germany'ó  peacå    olveä bù thå Soviet'ó decisioî tï  joiî                thå  agreement¬  whicè ió opeî tï alì  zones®  Hió                conclusioî  pointó  tï thå  propagandá  appeaì  oæ                Sokolovsky's statement.                 "Aó  Marshaì  Sokolovskù ió welì  aware¬  thå                Foreigî  Ministeró wilì shortlù bå discussinç  thå                Germaî probleí iî Moscow®  É aí thereforå stilì aô                á losó tï understanä thå methoä hå haó choseî  foò                thå               economy benefit thereby."<215>                 ...                 "Thå  questioî  naturallù ariseó whetheò  thå                agreemenô  oî fusioî oæ thå Britisè  anä  Americaî                zoneó  ió noô aimeä aô utilisinç thå occupatioî oæ                Germanù  anä  thå facô oæ thå  presencå  therå  oæ                occupatioî  forceó witè á vie÷ tï absorbinç Germaî                economy¬  subduinç  iô  tï  Britisè  anä  Americaî                monopolies¬  depriviseconä  timå  tï  ventilatå  theså  illusorù                accusations® Theù dï noô appeaò designeä tï eliciô                á reply¬ sincå theù havå beeî publisheä beforå anù                opportunitù  foò  sucè á replù  haó  occurred®  Iô                thereforå  appearó thaô theù caî onlù bå  intendeä                tï   creatå   somå  prejudicå   iî   thå   publiiã                mind."<218-219>                 <GuOpp.217-219¼ CCG(BE)¬  Monthlù Report¬ Feâ                1947¬ nç iô oæ aî independanô  placå                anä therebù reducinç Germany¬  oò aô leasô Westerî                Germany¬  tï  thå statå oæ aî appendiø tï  foreigî                monopolies."<215>                Iî á finaì section¬  Sokolovskù criticized thå bi-                zonaì agreemenô aó á short-sighteä policù aimeä aô                dismemberinç Germany¬ whicè woulä "brinç abouô thå                creatioî  oæ  á  ne÷  nesô oæ  unresô  iî  Centraì                Europe¢ anä givå Germaîp.6>> 1 Mar SEÄ  calló  foò referenduí  oî  establishmenô  oæ Š               united German state. 10 MAR- COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS - Moscow 24 APR                Foò documentation¬ seå RIIA¬ Documents™ 1947-¸ pp®                413-510.                                 ".... Iî   thå   Mosco÷  conferencå     and centralize them in each land." <EGA pp. 17-18> 19 SEP BAVARIA¬  W]RTTEMBERG-BADEÎ anä HESSEΠ officiallù                establisheä  bù  Proclamatioî  ² oæ  thå  Americaî                Militarù    Governmenô    (acquireä     executive¬                legislativå  anä  judiciaì  poweró iî  Marcè  194·                (Proclamation 4)<GQ p. 23> 06 NOV STATES§ COUNCIÌ OÆ UÓ ZONÅ (L{nderrat© establisheä                in Stuttgart. 09 NOV- PARIÓ  CONFERENCÅ OÎ REPARisioî  oæ alì militarù  anä  policå /\            forces¢   froí   Octobeò  194¹  on®   Thå   Germaî 1949           Administratioî  oæ thå Interioò (GAI©  becamå  thå  \/            Ministrù oæ thå Interior» withiî iô waó formeä thå                Chieæ Administratioî oæ thå Germaî Peoples§ Police‚                tï  whicè  werå  subordinateä thå  generaì  Germaî                Peoples§  Policå anä thå Germaî  Frontieò  Police®                "Thå  barrackeä Alerô Unitó oæ thå BPÐ remaineä  ATIONÓ (througè 1¶  Jan¬                1946) DEC SMAÄ  subordinateó policå forceó oæ thå individuaì                SBÚ L{ndeò tï centraì authority¬  thå Ministeò  oæ                thå  Interior¬  "á membeò oæ thå communisô party.¢                ??¿  seemó awfullù early¡  <EGA™ p® 18¾ END Witè  thå creatioî oæ thå "Kommissariatå 5¢ (Ë 5)¬                thå  Volkspolizeé addeä functionó oæ  á  politicaì                policå  forcå tïtï                bå  subordinateä  tï thå Chieæ  Administratioî  oæ                Schooling¬  whicè  begaî tï develoð morå anä  morå Š               intï  aî  independenô chieæ command®  Á fe÷  weekó                lateò  thå unitó werå divideä intï thå  forceó  oæ                individual services."<EGA p. 21> AUTUMN "Counterrevolutionarù   forces¢   increaså   theiò                activitù iî thå territorù oæ thå DDr¬ supporteä bù                "imperialisô  secreô  services.¢g© oæ statå poweò  iî                thå DDR¬  thå creatioî oæ á Policå formatioî whicè                ió  centrallù  leä anä orgainzeä oî thå  basió  oæ                certaiî  militarù criteriá (Gesichtspunkten)¬  anä                whicè  haó thå dutù oæ developinç politicallù  anä                professionallù (fachlich© educateä cadreó froí thå                workeró  (Werkt{tigen© tï builä uð thå armeä  pro                tectioî oæ thå DDR®  Aô thå requesô oæ thå SEÄ anä                Terroristó  takå                humaî  liveó anä economiã materials®  Iî  "L[nder¢                sucè  aó  Brandenburg¬  Mecklenburç  anä  Sachsen-                Anhalt¬  sabotagå groupó arå "renedereä harmless.¢                Somå  oæ  theså groupó werå armeä  anä  "recruiteä                froí formeò Wehrmachô officeró anä memberó oæ Nazé                Organizations." <ZzM™ p® 14¾ 06 NOV N. KOREA recognizes the DDR <ZzM p. 12> 22 NOV PETERSBURG AGREEMENT (PETERSBURGE  thå  statå leadershið oæ tè DDR¬  sovieô  officeró                stanä  aó  advisoró  aô thå sidå  oæ  thå  leadinç                cadreó  anä  thå Leaderó  oæ  Bereitschaften¬  anä                communicatå  thå  experiencå oæ decadeó  froí  thå                armeä defencå organisatioî oæ thå USSR® Leadershið                oæ   thå   HVÁ  ió  "Iî  thå   handó   oæ   testeä                functionarieó  oæ  thå  workinç  clasó  anä  theiò                allies®  "80¥  oæ thå HVÁ Angeh|riR ABKOMMEN)                 Iî additioî tï thió agreement¬ whicè presageó                (sieht..® vor© thå inclusioî oæ Wesô Germanù aó aî                accosiateä  membeò oæ tè Europeaî Counciì anä  thå                cessatioî  oæ dismantlinç oæ Wesô Germaî  indutry¬                "einigô  sicè Adenaueò miô deî  Hoheî  Kommissareî                deò  Westm{chtå  iî eineò  geheimklauseì  dar}ber¬                westdeutschå  Divisioneî  unteò deò  Befehlsgewalô                deò Bonngeî arå froí  thå                workinç  class¢ Froí thå beginning¬  thå SEÄ haä á                determininç influencå oî thå political-ideologicaì                developmenô  iî thå HVA¬  oveò  thå  Polit-Kultur-                Organe¬ thå partù anä FDJ organisationó iî thå HVA®                <ZzM™  p®  13¾ 65¥ oæ alì HVÁ Angeh|rigeî undeò  2µ                belong to the FDJ. <ZzM™ p® 14¾                 Thå Sovieô Controì Commissioî "excerciseä  thå                supremå  superveò Regierunç aufzustelleî unä siå  k}nftiç                iî  daó  imperialistischå Kriegspaktsysteí  einzu                gliedern."<ZzM™ p® 14> 02 DEC ALBANIA recognizes the DDR <ZzM p. 12> DEC Acô  No®  1¶ oæ thå Allieä Higè Commissioî forbidó                alì  activitieó iî thå Federál Republiã  "directlù                oò  indirectlù connecteä witè teachinç thå  theorù                anä  basiã  lawó oò techniquå oæ waò oò  aimeä  aô                tpreparatioî  oæ      alì   thå                disagreementó  whicè  werå sï evidenô  durinç  thå                conferenceó   regardinç  tè  Italiaî  anä   Balkaî                treatieó  camå  intï sharð focuó anä  remaineä  iî                effect unsolved..."                Majoò  issueó  citedº                   coal-thå  neeä  foò  coaì  throughouô  Europå                requireó  steeì  tï repaiò  thå  mininç  machines¬                whicè iî turî requireó coal® Thå wholå questioî ió                            "..® Afteò lonç anä futilå effortó tï securå                á  workinç accorä iî thió matter¬  thå Britisè anä                Americaî  zoneó werå combineä foò thå  improvemenô                oæ  rthå  economiã  situation¬  meaninç  thå  freå                movemenô  oæ excesó supplieó oò producå  availablå                iî onå zonå tï anotheò wherå therå ió á  shortage®                Ouò continuinç invitationtï thå Frencè anä Sovietó Š               tï  joiî  iî thå arrang   tieä uð witè thaô oæ Germaî heavù industry¬  whicè                ió needeä bù Europå buô coulä potentiallù becomå á                threaô tï peacå again.<219-220>                 Germanù   - á)  limitinç  poweró  oæ   centraì                governmenô  "Excessivå concentratioî oæ poweò  ió                particularlù  damgerouó iî á countrù likå  Germanù                whicè  haó  nï  stronç  traditionó  regardinç  thå                rightó  oæ  thå  individuaì anä thå rightsï  æ  tè emenô  stilì  exists®  Thió                mergeò   ió   betterlù  attackeä  bù  thå   Sovieô                authoritieó  aó á breacè oæ thå Potsdaí  Agreemenô                anä  aó á firsô steð towardó thå dismembermenô  oæ                Germany¬   ignorinç  thå  plaiî  facô  thaô  theiò                refusaì  tï carrù ouò thaô agreemenô waó thå  solå                cause of the merger."<221-222>                 Germanù (c© Reparations®  "Wå believå thaô nï                reparationó                 communistù    tï   controì   thå   excerciså    oæ                governmentaì  power®  Thå Sovieô Unioî appearó  tï                favoò  á  stronç centraì  government®  Thå  Uniteä                Stateó  anä  thå Uniteä Kingdoí arå opposeä  tï  á                stronç centraì government¬  becauså theù thinë  iô                coulä bå toï readilù converteä tï thå dominationoæ                a regime similar to the Nazis." <220-221>                 Germanù  - b©  thå charac   froí   currenô   productioî    werå                contemplateä bù thå Potsdaí Agreement® Thå Sovietó                strongly oppose this view." <222>                 Germanù -(d© Boundaries® again¬ Marshalì seeó                thå difficultù aó differenô interpretationó oæ thå                otsdaí Agreement® Thå Sovietó seå thå agreemenô aó                havinç  reacheä  finaì agreemenô  oî  thå  Polish-                Germaî  boundary¬  Uó anä UË seå iô aó á temporarù               teò oæ thå  economiã                system and its relation to the rest of Europe.                "Therå  ió á declareä agreemenô iî thå desirå  foò                economiã  unitù iî Germany¬  buô wheî iô comeó  tï                thå actuaì termó tï regulatå sucè unitù therå  arå                widå  anä criticaì diffeerences®  Onå oæ tthå mosô                seriouó difficultieó encountereä iî thå efforô  tï                securå  economiã untiù haó beeî thå facô thaô  thå                Soge abilities, was chosen for this desirable post, bypassing many more senior diplomats. (more) p. 2 "Die DDR hofierte den SPD-Spitzenmann" (Roman Arens) KARL HEINZ HIRSEMANN, SPD candidate in Bavaria made a high-visibility visit to the GDR, during which he was met by Honecker and ZK-Abteilungsleiter RETTNER. He was apparently given special treatment (Hirsemanns "intensives Gespraechsprogramm" (Arens) was called "bestimmt kein Jedermannprogramm" (Hirsemann)).Hirsemann attributed this to the fact thvieô  -occupieä  zonå haó  operateä  practicallù                withouô regarä tï thå otheò zoneó anä haó madå fe÷                iæ  anù reportó oæ whaô haó beeî occurinç iî  thaô                zone®  Therå  haó beeî littlå oò nï dispositioî tï                proceeä oî á basió oæ reciprocity¬  anä therå  haó                beeî  á  refusaì tï discloså thå availablititù  oæ                foodstuffó   anä  thå  degreå  oò   characteò   oæ                reparations taken out of this zone.  at he currently enjoys Willy Brandt's "special sympathies, and that Honecker therefore transfers some of the "Wertschaetzung, die er ohne Zweifel fuer Willy Brandt empfindet." Hirsemann's invitation was arranged by Brandt, and Hirsemann is mentioned, together with with Johannes Rau, as the "grandsons" (Enkel) of the SPD leader). In Berlin, Hirsemann and Honecker agreed that the GDR and FRG not only shared an interest in maintaining peace, but also a responsibility to work on all sides for arms reduction "     anù militarù actionó oò  aô  thå                resuscitation of militarism." <EGA p. 22> <1949___________________________________________________________ 1950> 03 FEB Chieæ  Adminstratioî  oæ Schoolinç  renameä  Chieæ                Administration oæ Traininç (CAT© iî GDR® (disguiseä                military© Supremå commanä passeó froí  W®  ZAISSEÒ                tï Generaì Inspectoò Heinú HOFFMANN® <EGA p. 22> 08 FEB MINISTRÙ  OÆ STATÅ SECURITÙ formed®  ZAISSEÒ nameä   ard Regiment MSS: 5000 men <EGA p. 23>                 <1950___________________________________________________________ 1951> SPRING first units of "Air Police' founded"<EGA p. 24> 16 MAR Presidenô oæ FRÇ announceó bilì foò thå foundatioî                oæ  FEDERAÌ BORDEÒ POLICÅ oæ  10000¬  Bundesl{ndeò                agreeä  "onlù  reluctantly¢  tï  creaô  theiò  owî                additionaì  unitó totalliî 1000° meî iî all®  <EGA™                p. 23> ???              head¬ anä beginó tï seô uð thå Guarä Regimenô MSS¬                á  speciaì  militarù forcå  oæ  500°  "politicallù                absolutelù reliable¢ men.<EGA™ p® 22¾ 13 APR PEOPLES§  REPUBLIà OÆ MONGOLIÁ recognizeó thå  DDÒ                <ZzM™ p® 12> 15 JUN CHIEÆ  ADMINISTRATIOÎ oæ thå NAVAÌ POLICÅ  createä                froí  thå "camoflageä Departmenô ZBV¢ (foò speciaì                duty©  Thå  firsô unitó  (1sô  flotillá  Zinnowitú                (tBarrackeä Alerô Unitó reorganized¬ integrateä intï                Peoples§ Policå offices¬  eacè correspondinç tï  á                strengtheneä regimenô (± reg®  infantry¬ ± sectioî                artillery¬   armored,recon.,signaì  anä  transporô                units©  2´ equallù orgaizeä cadrå forceó oæ  mixeä                brancheó  witè totaì targeô strengtè oæ 6000° men®                "Iî  alì theså unitó Sovieô advisoró werå  active¬                supervisinç  thå traininç whicè waó orpedï  boats© anä 2nä Flotillá Zinnowitú  (minå                sweepers©  haä beeî commissioneä á montè  earlier®                Officiaì  taskó includeä "protectioî oæ thå  coasô                againsô   smuggleró  aî  protectioî  oæ  ouò   owî                fishermen." <EGA p. 22> 25 JUN KOREAN WAR BEGINS SEP Conference of Foreign Ministers - New York                Agreeä  tï  thå establishmenô oæ barrackeä  policå                forceó  foò  thå  FEDERAÌ  REPUBLIà tïno÷  conducteä                morå  oî  Sovieô lines®  Aó chieæ  oæ  thå  Sovieô                advisors§  groups¬  Generaì  MAKAROÖ no÷  replaceä                General PETRAKOVSKI.<EGA p. 23-24>                 <1951____________________________________________________________ 1952> 10 MAR "STALIΠ NOTE¢ callinç foò á  reunited¬  deocratiã                Germany®   Intended¬  perhaps¬  tï  forestalì  thå                inclusioî   oæ  Wesô  Germanù  intï  thå   Westerî              á   totaì Š               strength of 30000 men.<EGA p. 23>                SEP DDR becomes member of CMEA <GdDDR p. 213> DEC Newlù  foundeä departmenô ZBV² formeä thå  nucleuó                oæ   thå   commanä  foò  thå   still-missinç   aiò                force.<EGA p. 22> END Iî  thå  lasô  monthó oæ 195°  "oveò  50°  youngeò                officeró  wenô  tï  thå  Sovieô  Unioî  tï  attenä                instruction courses for staff officers."        itó ressort®  Thå Ë µ helpeä  thå                sovieô  occupatioî  forceó iî  thå  denazificatioî                process¬  "...noô  onlù  againsô  formeò  Nationaì                Socialists¬ buô <1945___________________________________________________________ 1946>             "...noô  onlù  againsô  formeò  Nationaì                Socialists¬ buô 2µ JUÌ SMAÄ establisheó 1± Centraì Germaî administrationó  (ordeò nï  17¬  neveò  madå public© Siå solleî "ií Kompetenzbereicè  deò gesamteî sowjetischeî Okkupationszonå ihrå Funktioneî gemaesó deî direktiveî deò entsprechendeî Abteilungen¢ deò SMAÄ "unteò  ihreò unmittelbareî Kontrollå ausueben" Verkehò  - Dr®  Wilhelí  Pfitzneò (SPD©  Nachrichtenverbindunç Wilhelí Schroedertner-city arrangements between Jena and Erlangen, and contacts between Nature conservation groups in East and West. As to the differences between SPD and SED, Hirsemann wrote in the guest book that "common roots can lead to different fruits."o discussed, specifically possibilities for increased trade between Bavaria and GDR, which is to aid small to midsized industries in Bavaria. Exchange of information concerning airpollutants crossing the borders was also discussed. Honecker approved of par Brennstofæ Dr® Ferdinanä Friendensburg¬ (CDU) Industriå Leï Scripscinski¬ KPD Ackerbaõ Edwiî Hoernlå KPD Finanzeî Heinricè Meier Arbeitskraeftå Gustaö Gundelach Erziehunç Pauì Wandeì KPD Justiú Dr® Eugeî Schiffer¬ LDP Gesundheiô Pauì Konitzer Handeì - Dr® Buschmann¬ SPD "(Dieså  zentralå "Deutscheî Verwaltungen¢ deò  SBÁ  sinä voî  Anfanç  aî tatsaechlicè nuò Unter- unä  Hilfs-behoerdeî  deò SMAD¬     diå    miô    deutscheî    Sachverstaendigeî    besetzô werden....)" ¹Bundesministeriuí  fueò gesamtdeutschå Fragen¬  *SBÚ voî 194µ bió 1954º  Diå Sowjetischå Besatzungszonå Deutschlandó iî deî  Jahreî 1945-1954ª Bonn:Deutscheò Bundes-Verlag,1956. 1±  JUΠ Thå KPÄ declaratioî reflectó thå tacticaì  directioî  oæ Beria¬  whï ió representeä iî thå SMAÄ bù Semionoö anä iî thå KPÄ bù   Ackermann®   Thió  carefuì  (behutsam©  approacè  standó  iî oppostitioî  tï  thaô  oæ Zhdanov¬  whï advocateä  á  morå  rapiä Bolshevisatioî anä waó supporteä bù SMAÄ generaì Tulpa  AUÇ  Thå  presidenô oæ thå Sachseî  Provinciaì  administratioî orderó thaô thå Duetschå Gemeindeordnunç woulä remaiî iî forcå iî ŠSachsen¬  untiì ne÷ legislatioî coulä bå passed® Thå SMAÄ "laessô vorersô aucè diå andereî LandesPraesidialverwaltungeî aî deò  DGÏ festhalten.¢ 2²  OCÔ "Deò Oberstå Cheæ deò SMAÄ 'raeumt§ iî eineí Befehì  'deî Provinzialverwaltungeî   unä  deî  Verwaltungeî  deò   foederaleî 'Laender§ daó Rechô ein¬  1¹ Decembeò SMAÄ orderó Dr® Hermeó anä Dr® Schreibeò tï leavå thå Vorstanä oæ thå CDU.ungeî   unä  deî  Verwaltungeî  deò   foederaleî 'Laender§ daó Rechô ein¬  ¹   JUÌ  "zweckó  Verwaltunç  deò  Provinzeî  unä  Sicherunç  deò Kontrollå uebeò diå Arbeiô deò Selbstverwaltungsorgane...¢ werdeî "..®  iî deî Provinzeî unä foederaleî Laendern..® Chefó deò SMAD¢ ernannt® ¾ 1¶  JUÌ  Thuringeî Landeó administratioî  establisheä  undeò  thå formeò regierungspraesidenô Dr® Hermanî Brill(SPD) 1·  JUÌ  Thå  SMAÄ "setzô fueò diå  Provinú  Sachsen-Anhalô  einå Provinzialverwaltunç  ("Praesidium"©  ein.¢ Dr®  Erharä  Hueberî       (froí      southerî                W]rttenburg).<GQ p. 20-21> 09 JUN Sovieô  Militarù  Administratioî iî  Germanù  SMAÄ                establisheä iî Berlin. 10 JUN Ordeò  #²  bù SMAÄ permitó democratiã partieó  anä                free trade unions. 11 JUN KPD refounded; KPD proclamation. "...bù  Junå 13¬  1945¬  onå montè afteò  thå                war'ó  end¬  thå KPÄ haä reappeareä oî thå  Germaî                scenå  equippeä  witè á    æ      Germanù anä thå Germaî Democratiã Republiã iî  Internationaì      Relations® ³ vols® Dobbó Ferrù NÙ 1979. Dunmore,Timothy® Sovieô Politicsº 1945-53® Ne÷ Yorkº St.Mar      tin's¬ 1984® Eschenburg¬  eô  al®  Geschichtå deò Bundesrepublië  Deutschland®      Banä Iº  Jahrå deò Besatzung¬  1945-49®  Stuttgartº  Deutscè      eVerlags-Anstalt/Wiesbadeî brockhaus¬ 1983. GDR Facts and Figures. Berlin (Ost): Panorama, 1983. Gelman¬  Harrù. Thå Brezhneö Politburï anä thå Declinuley,Martin®   Marxism-Leninisí  iî  thå  Germaî  Democratiã      Republic® Ne÷ York¬ Barneó anä Noble¬ 1979 Nettl¬ Johî P® Thå Easterî Zomnå iî sovieô Policù iî Germanù 1945-      50™ Oxford:Oxforä Universitù Press¬ 1951 On thå  relationó  betweeî thå GDÒ anä thå FRÇ 1983  Panoramá  DDÒ      Auslandspresseagentur GmBH. ŠPapadakis¬  Elim®  Thå Greeî Movemenô iî Wesô  Germany®  NYº  St®      Martin'ó Press¬ 1984. Ramet¬  Pedro®  Religioî anä Nationalisí iî Sovieô anä Easô Euro   å oæ Detente®      Ithaca¬ NY® Cornelì Universitù Press¬ 1984. Greinacher¬ Norberô anä Virgiì Elizondo¬ eds® Churcheó iî So      cialisô Societieó oæ Easterî Europe® Conciliuí Serieó Vol®      154¬ Ne÷ Yorkº Seaburù Press¬ 1982® Haslam,Jonathon®  Thå Sovieô Unioî anä thå Strugglå foò  collec      tivå Securitù iî Europå 1933-1939® NYº St® Martin's¬ 1984 Š Hochman,Jiri®  Thå  Sovieô Unioî anä thå Failurå  oæ  Collectivå      Security¬  1934-1938®  Ithaca¬ NYº Cornelì Universitù Pre   peaî Politics® (forthcoming) Ruhm  voî  Oppen¬  Beate®  Documentó oî Germanù undeò  occupationº      1945-54® Oxfordº Oxforä Universitù Press¬ 1955. Scharf¬  C®  Bradley®  Politicó  anä changå iî Easô  Germanyº  aî      evaluatioî  oæ  socialisô  democracy 198´ xié « 21¹  ð  bibl®      tables¬  charô  mað  indeø (Là 84-5183©  ISBΠ 0-89158-945-·      pa ISBN 0-86187-375-0 Pinter 10.95 + 1.50 Schneider¬  Eberhard® Thå GDRº Thå History¬ Politics¬ Economù anä      thå Societù oss¬      1984® Herspring¬  Dalå  R®  Easô Germaî Civil-Militarù  Relations®  Ne÷      Yorkº Praeger¬ 1973. Hewitt,EdwardA®  Energy¬  Economics¬ anä Foreigî Policù iî thå      Sovieô Union® Washingtonº thå Brookingó Institute¬ 1984. H{nisch,Werneò unä Heinú Willumeit®  Dokumentå zuò Au~enpolitië      deò DDR® Staatsverlaç Kertesz,Stephen® Thå Fatå oæ Easô Centraì Europe® PLACEº       PUBLISHER¬ 1956 Koch¬ Hans® Grundlageî sozialistischeò Kulturpolitië iî deò DDR æ Easô Germany Londonº Hurst¬ 1978. Slesser¬  Robert®  Sovieô  Economiã Policù iî Postwaò  Germanyº  á      collectioî oæ papers® Ne÷ York® Researcè Prograí oæ thå USSr®      1953. Sodaro¬ Michaeì J® Iî thå Shado÷ oæ thå Missilesº Easô Germaî anä      Sovieô Perceptionó oæ Wesô Germaî Foreigî Policy®  Inst® foò      Sino-Sovieô    Studies¬    Georgå   Washingtoî    Universitù      (Washington¬ D.C.© unpublisheä ms. Sondeimer,Kurô anä Wilhelí Bleek® Thå Governmenô anä Politicó oæ      198³ 142 p. pa M 3.80 Dietz Kohler,DanielF®   Economiã  Cosô  anä  Benefiô  oæ  Subsidizinç      Westerî  Creditó tï thå East®  Santá Monica¬  CAº  thå  RANÄ      Corporation¬ 1984. Krisch, Henry. Thå Germaî Democratiã Republic®  Bouldeò COº  Westvie÷      Press¬ 198² (Noô Yeô Published© Henry Krisch, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, 06268 Legters¬  Lymaî H®  ed.¬ Thå Germaî Democratiã Republicº Á Devel      opeä Socialisô Society® Boulder¬ COº Westvie÷ Press¬ 197     Easô  Germany. tr®  bù Ursulá Price®  Londonº  St®  Martin's¬      1976® Thompson, Stewart. The Bialek Affair. London: Windgate, 1955. Wolf, Charleó  Jr®  Thå costó oæ thå Sovieô  Empire®  R3073-1-NA®      Santá Monicá CA® Thå Ranä Corporation¬ 1983® .pa ŠHacker,Jens®  "Reunificatioî  anä foreigî policù oæ thå GDÒ  anä      Nortè Koreá iî comparison® Koreá anä Worlä Affairs 8:575-60¹ Falì 1984 Hebblethwaite¬  Peter®  "Thå GDRº Servanô oò Subservianô Church?¢      Religioî i8. Lendvai,Paul® Religionsfreiheiô unä Menschensrechte® Grazº      Verlaç Styria¬ 1983. Lewis¬ Pauì G® Easterî Europeº Politicaì Crisió anä Legitimation®      NYº St® Martin'ó Press¬ 1984. Luchterhandt,Otto®  Diå  Gegenwartslagå deò Evengelischeî Kirchå      iî deò DDR® T}bingen¬ JC Mohr¬ 1982. Marrese¬  Michaeì  anä  Jaî Vanous®  Impliciô Subsidieó anä  non-      markeô benefitó iî Sovieô Tradå witè Easterî Europe® Berkeley¬      Universitù oæ Californiá Press¬ 1982. McCaî Communisô Lands (Keston¬ UK)¬ Summeò 1978¬ p® 98 Henkys¬  Richard® "Thå Churcè iî thå Germaî Democratiã Republic.¢      iî Lendvaé, ed. Religionsfreiheit... p® 183 Croan¬  Melvin®  "Thå  leadinç  Rolå oæ thå Partyº  Conceptó  anä      Contexts¢ iî A®  C®  Janos¬  ed®  Authoritariaî Politicó  iî      Communist Europe® pð 151-75® Layne,Christopher® "Towarä Germaî Reunification.¢ Journaì of      Contemporarù Studies™ 7:7-3· McAdams, A. James. "Bridginç thå Germaî Dividå iî á ti   heù considereä acceptable®  Consequently¬                theù  accedeä  tï  Easô Germaî  requestó  foò  thå                establishmenô oæ nationaì armeä forces..."<CMR™  p®                59¾  Khruschev'ó speecè oæ Julù 26¬  195µ coulä bå                argueä tï havå markeä thå decisioî bù thå  Sovietó                to accept the "two state theory."<CMR fn 1. p. 84>                See SBZ->DDR, p. 101. 18 JAN DDÒ Volkskammeò passeó la÷ creatinç thå NVÁ (Webeò                p                Committeå  "Freå Germany"© anä bù Deputù Chieæ  oæ                Staff¬  Majoò  Generaì  Bernharä  BECHLEÒ  (formeò                majoò oæ thå Wehrmachô anä membeò oæ thå  Nationaì                Committee "Free Germany")<EGA™  p® 28¾                 Traditionaì Germaî uniforí waó re-introduced¬                retaining only the Soviet steel Helmet.<EGA™  p® 28¾ 27 JAN FIRST PCC session - Prague 28 JAN WTÏ  PCà decisioî includeó NVÁ forceó iî WTO®  NVÁ ® 259© and the Ministry for National Defense.                 "Gesetú  ]beò  diå Schaffunç  deò  Nationaleî                Volksarmeå  unä  deó  Ministeriumó  f]ò  Nationalå                Verteidigung."                 "79.5¥  oæ  alì  officeró  belongeä  tï   thå                SED.¢ Thió waó stilì considereä insufficient¬  anä                by the end of the year was up to 86%<CMR p. 73>                Sources: Pech; Hoffmann.                 "Thió Act¬ whicè waó supposeä               ió completelù integrateä iî WTÏ iî peacetime¬  haó                nï independenô Generaì Staff® (GdDDR™ p® 259© 14 FEB- TWENTIETH CPSU PARTY CONGRESS 26 FEB   KHRUSCHEV'Ó "Secret¢ Speecè anä de-Stalinization..                 "Ulbrichô  waó  noô readù tï welcomå aî  opeî                admissioî  oæ guilô anä crimå oò á departurå  froí                thå principleó oæ Stalinisô rule® Hå waó onå onå á                numbeò  oæ  Easô Europeaî  functionarieó  whï tï givå thå NVÁ                thå  seaì oæ legality¬  formallù  acknowledgeä  á                statå  oæ affairó lonç existing¬  knowî throughouô                thå  worlä  anä officiallù admitteä  bù  thå  Easô                Germaî  authoritieó  aó  earlù  aó  1952®  Iô  waó                presenteä   bù   propagandá  aó  á   "spontaneous¢                reactioî  tï  thå  discussioî  conducteä  iî   thå                Federaì  Republiã oæ Germanù oî thå necessitù oæ á                Ger  haä                misgivingó  abouô thå twentietè Congress¬  fearinç                iô  woulä  forcå  thå  Communisô  partieó  intï  á                "discussioî  oæ  errors¢  anä  puô  theí  oî   thå                defensive® Buô Ulbrichô haä learneä froí thå past®                Hå  haä nï intentioî oæ repeatinç hió mosô seriouó                mistakå  - opeî  resistencå  tï  Moscow®   Oî  thå                contrary¬  hå decideä tï accedå immediatelù tï thå                "ne÷  line,¢ maî   contributioî  tï  thå   westerî   defencå                organization®  Iî fact¬  however¬  thå firsô greaô                phaså  iî thå build-uð oæ thå Sovieô Zone'ó  armeä                forceó  was¬  bù  thå beginninç oæ  1956¬  alreadù                concluded®  Theiò  totaì strengtè waó 12000°  men®                (Thå  Federaì Republiã oæ Germany¬  aô thaô  time¬                onlù starteä recruitinç thå firsô 100°  volunteeró                foò  thå establishmenô oæ thå Bundeswe paù  thå necessarù  tributå  tï  thå                Kremlin¬  buô theî skillfully¬  inteligently¬  anä                cautiouslù  blocë de-Stalinizatioî iî thå  DDÒ  aó                welì  aó hå could.¢ MAR SEÄ  PARTÙ  CONGRESÓ Ulbricht'ó  20°  pagå  speecè                neveò  mentionó Stalin¬  concentrateó attentioî oî                the new SECOND FIVE YEAR PLAN instead.                DEMOCRACÙ  definedº   "Miô  unsereò  Arbeiter-und-                Bauern-Machô  bildeô sicè einå Demokratiå  h|hereî                Typuó  heraus¬   diå  Demokratiå  deó  werkt{tigeî                V   må oæ Tension.¢ Ne÷      Leader® 66:9-1° no. 3 (Ïctober 198³). Morton,Edwina® "Alì Quieô oî thå Germaî Front?¢ (Germanù iî thå      post-detentå  era©  Governmenô  anä  Opposition®  19:438-5°      Autumî 84. Page,HelenaP® "Germaî Unitù Reexamined.¢ Conflict (NY© 5:119-3¶      nï ² 1984 Wensierski,Peter® "Thå peacå Movemenô iî thå GDR.¢ Daó Parlia      ment® (Bonn© Apriì 30¬ 1983® pp® 3-1µ ________®  "Theseó  oî thå rolå oæ thå Churcè iî thå GDR.¢ Kirchå      ií Sogly¬  iô involveä thå transfeò oæ responsibilitù  foò Easterî  Germaî affairó froí militarù tï partù organó withiî  thå Sovieô  Union®  Thå  purposå  oæ thió studù ió tï  examinå  thió transfeò froí militarù tï civiliaî controì iî detail¬ iî lighô oæ developmentó iî Sovieô civil-militarù relationó occurrinç  durinç the same ten year period. Thå studù wilì examinå thå officiaì transfeò oæ authoritù iî differenô  areaó oæ policù makinç anä policù formatioî  froí  thå zialismus¬  voì 7®  No®  1° tranó bù Normaî Robinsoî iî      Occasionaì Paperó oî Religioî iî Easterî Europe®  vol® ³ No®      4® Maù 1983® p® 23. Reexamined.¢ Conflict (NY© 5:119-3¶      nï ² 1984 Wensierski,Peter® "Thå peacå Movemenô iî thå GDR.¢ Daó Parlia      ment® (Bonn© Apriì 30¬ 1983® pp® 3-1µ ________®  "Theseó  oî thå rolå oæ thå Churcè iî thå GDR.¢ Kirchå      ií SoSMAÄ  tï Germaî civiliaî institutions¬  aó welì aó  thå  officiaì transfeò  oæ  authoritù iî matteró pertaininç tï Easô Germaî  ad ministratioî  froí thå Sovieô Militarù tï Soveô Partù  anä  Statå organs. ighô oæ developmentó iî Sovieô civil-militarù relationó occurrinç  durinç the same ten year period. Thå studù wilì examinå thå officiaì transfeò oæ authoritù iî differenô  areaó oæ policù makinç anä policù formatioî  froí  thå   "buildinç                socialism¢     iî    thå    Germaî     Democratiã                Republic"<SFPAS 171> JUL CHIEÆ  ADMINISTRATIOΠ oæ thå  AIÒ  POLICÅ  (CAAP©                formeä  froí  thå ZBV² department®  Commanä  takeî                oveò  bù  Heinú KESSLER¬  aô thå  timå  á  leadinç                functionarù  oæ thå FDJ®  Kessleò deserteä tï  thå                Reä  Armù  iî 1941¬  anä haä acheiveä thå ranë  oæ                major General by 1952. <EGA p. 24> en¬  Stepheî F® Rethinkinç thå Sovieô Experienceº Politicó anä      History® New Yorkº Oxford¬ 1985 Croan¬ Melvin® Easô Germanyº Thå Sovieô Connection® Thå      Washingtoî Papers¬ No® 36® Beverlù Hillsº Sagå Publications¬      1976 Ehring¬ Klauó anä Martiî Dallwitz® Schwerteò zõ Pflugscharenº      Friedensbewegunç iî deò DDR® Hamburgº Rowohlô Taschenbucè       Verlag¬ 1982. Filmer¬ Werner¬ anä Heriberô Schwan¬ eds® Alltaç ií andereî      Deutschland® D}sseldorfº Ecoî Verlaç.  05 JUL GDÒ Counciì oæ MInisters¬  oî instructioî froí thå                Cà SED¬  decideó oî thå foundatioî oæ  fouò  ARMÙ                GROUPS®  ARMÙ  GROUÐ NORTÈ (³ divisions»  Eggesin¬                Prorá oî thå Islanä oæ R]geî anä Prenzlau© anä thå                correspondinç Armù troopó werå seô uð aó earlù  aó                late summer 1952.<EGA p. 25> 07 OCT Ne÷  uniforms¬  khaké insteaä oæ blue¬  anä  rankó                introduceä foò KVÐ, resembling Soviet Germaî  economù waó tï bå controlleä onlù tï  thå                extenô  necessarù tï meeô thå needó oô thå occupa                tioî forces...                 Thå  Nazé  Partù anä itó affiliateó  werå  tï  bå                disolved¬ Nazé lawó anä regulationó annulled.                 Thå  Germaî armeä forceó werå tï bå disbandeä anä                arms¬  ammunitioî anä implementó oæ waò werå tï bå                seizeä anä distroyed Colloquium on Soviet Civilian-Military Relations Research proposal Afteò thå defeaô oæ Hilter'ó forceó iî Germany¬ thå Reä Armù participated in the militarù occupatioî oæ thå defeateä  country® Durinç  thå  nexô  teî years¬  thå  politicaì  administratioî  oæ Germanù waó graduallù returneä tï thå handó oæ Germaî  civilians® Iî  thå  Sovieô  Zone¬  thió  procesó involveä  thå  transfeò  oæ authoritù froí thå Sovieô militarù tï thå Germaî Communisô Party® Correspondin.                 Waò criminals...werå tï bå arrested® ...thå docu                menô  listeä á largå numbeò oæ orgainizationó  ..®                whoså keù officials¬ officeró anä non-commissioneä                officeró werå tï bå seizeä anä helä iî  internmenô                becauså oæ thå positionó whicè theù haä held.                 "JCS/106· gavå onlù limiteä authoritù   olkes¬  daó  diå Produktionsmitteì iî diå  eigenå                H{ndå  nahí unä dadurcè zuí Leiteò voî  Staaô  unä                Wirtschafô wurde® Ihò besondereó Kennzeicheî - daó                siå  voî  jedeò  Forí  deò  formaleî  b}rgerlicheî                Demokratiå  unterscheideô  - isô diå st{ndigå  unä                entscheidendå  Mitwirkunç deò Werkt{tigeî  aî  diå                Leitunç   deó   Staateó   unä  deò   Leitunç   deó                wirtschaftlicheî          unä        efenså  anä  heaä oæ thå NVÁ  (ranë  oæ                colonel-general) at this time. <CMR p. 60.>                Á  speciaì militarù schooì waó foundeä iî  Dresdeî                whicè   "traineä   officeró  foò   battalioî   anä                regimentaì  command,¢ buô thå schooì diä noô awarä                academiã  degrees®  Officeró  "beinç  prepareä  foò                General/Flaç   ranë  positionó  usuallù   attendeä                academiã  institutionó  iî thå Sovieô  Unioî  froí   kulturelleî                Aufbaus." 30 MAY Ottï Grotewohì proposeó non-introductioî oæ nationaì Š               servicå anä limitó tï thå sizå oæ armeä forceó foò                both East and West Germany. JUN POSNAN STRIKES IN POLAND 30                which they received degrees."<CMA p. 64.>              NOV Harsè  measureó bù Politburï useä ôo  represó  thå                unresô  iî thå population®  03 NOV    ULBRICHT¬  iî  Parliament¬  sayó "Hungarù teacheó                thaô  whoeveò  giveó  eveî hió  littlå  fingeò  tï                reaction will end by losing his life." NOV SCHIRDEWAΠ - WOLLWEBEÒ  oppositioî tï  Ulbricht'ó             JUN ZË SEÄ propseó tï SPÄ Vorstanä joinô oppositioî tï                introductioî oæ nationaì servicå iî thå FRG. 16-17 July Negotiationó witè thå Sovietó reducå supporô                costs for Soviet troops by 50%. 07 OCT Iî  "Ordeò oæ thå DAY¢ Willé STOPÈ  declareó  thaô                thå  Nationaì Peoples§ Armù waó  no÷  established®                <EGA™ p® 28> 20 OCT GOMULKA reelected in POLAND                 Ulbrichô instructeä thå DDR presó tï  publisè     policies builds.                01 DEC ARRESÔ  oæ thå HARICÈ grouð aô Humboldô Universitù                foò  theiò drafô oæ socialisô reforí  measureó  iî                DDR. 23 Oct HUNGARIAN REVOLT                 "Iæ Easô Germaî partù leaderó learneä nothinç                elså froí thå Hungariaî experience¬  theù absorbeä                thå   lessoî  thaô  individualó  anä  groupó   noô                expresslù  witè theí mighô somå daù decidå tï  acô                againsô  them®  Tï  avoiä sucè aî  occurencå  theù                decidå                  FASCISÍ   defineä  aó  aî  "Erscheinungsforí   deó                Imperialismuó  iî deò Epochå deò allgemeineî Kriså                deó    tï Militarù                Government®  Iô  specificallù  prohibiteä uó  froí                takinç  anù stepó tï rehabilitatå oò maintaiî  thå                Germaî  economù  excepô tï  maximizå  agriculturaì                production.¢ ..® "Untiì agreemenô coulä bå reacheä                iî thå [Allieä ControlÝ Council¬  therå waó tï  bå                nï productioî oæ iron¬  steel¬  chemicals¬ machinå                tools¬  radiï  anä electricaì equiptment¬  automoŠ               biles¬ st." <GQ p. 21>                Source: Truman, H.S. Memoirs I, p. 285.      05 Jun FOUÒ POWEÒ (BERLIN© DECLARATIOÎ signed® proclaimeä                defeaô oæ Germany®  Gavå USSR¬  USA¬  Britaiî  anä                Francå assumå supremå poweò iî Germany® calleä foò                thå  completå disarmamenô anä demilitarization‚  oæ                Germany®  Lefô  thå  frontieró oæ Germanù anä  anù                territorieó   forminç  parô  oæ  Germanù   tï   bå                determinedoò heavù machinery."                 "Fortunatelù  thå provisionó oæ JCS/106· werå  iî                somå respectó generaì iî nature¬  sï thaô thå  de                greå  oæ  applicatioî waó lefô tï thå judgmenô  oæ                thå miltarù governoò anä somå oæ itó morå  drastiã                economiã anä financiaì provisionó werå tempereä bù                thå  agreementó reacheä iî Potsdam®  Still¬  therå                waó  nï doubô thaô JCS/106· contemplateä thå  Car     LEH/261.4/.So98/ Sozialistischå Einheitsparteé Deutschlands. Dokumente® 1956-196µ (voló 5-9© ALSÏ *Beschuesså unä Erklaerungeî deó ZKs..® (serials) LEÈ ¯ 3971.µ ¯ .A9¸ ¯ S5¸ ¯ 196¶ ag 2° leô SEPG» dokumentù (tranó intï russian¬ 1966) LEÈ ¯ JN3971.5.A9¸ s5¸ 1976a Prograí deò SEÄ (Berliî 1976) LEÈ ¯ JN3971.µ ¯ .A9¸ ¯ s5¸ /1976 Prograí anä Statutå oæ thå SED LEÈ ¯ 3971.µ ¯ .a9¸ /s5¸ ¯ 1976c Statutå oæ SEÄ (1976) **ª note¬ otheò editionó anä copieó oæ Prograí anä Statuteó availablå iî           thaginiaî peacå whicè dominateä ouò operationó  iî                Germanù durinç thå earlù monthó ofoccupation.                 NOTEº   Thå  importanô  poinô  herå  ió  thaô                officiaì  Americaî policù iî summeò 194µ waó harsè                anä "Carthaginian,¢ therå ió nï reasoî tï  believå                thaô sovieô policù waó anù lesó so¬  anä nï reasoî                tï  criticizå Sovietó undulù foò á policù  similaò                to  thió section oæ Lehman.*** 338.¹ So9¸ ¯ 1945-55 *Zuò oekonomischeî Politië deò SEÄ unä deò Regierunç deò DDR; LEÈ ¯ HØ ¯ ¶ ¯ .E´ *Einheit* 940.90³ ¯ z¯ v.± Khruschev'ó speecè aô thå fiftè SEÄ congress. 335.0µ ¯ So9¶ ¯ no® 1 Knorò Lorenz® *Wirtschaftlichå Stabilitaeô odeò Krisengefahr..® Briefwechseì SPD-SED. 943.086¯ t327 Moscow® Instituô Marksa-Engel'sa-Lenina- Stalina. Ernsô Thaelmann» Bildeò u® Dokumente® (1955) LEÈ jî ¯ 3971.µ ¯ .A9¸ /s665 Neueò Weg 335.44³ ¯ B289that the Americans initially favored.         JUN UÓ  Grouð  Controì  Counciì moveó witè  SHAEÆ  tï                Frankfurt¬  Versailleó anä Londoî partó uniteä  iî                IÇ Farbeî buildingó iî Hoechst.                 Geî  Eisenhoweò "favoreä thå continuatioî  oæ                SHAEÆ iî aî integrateä joinô occupatioî oæ westerî                Germany.¢ Churchilì "waó allegeä tï favoò botè thå                continuationoæ  SHAEÆ anä thå joinô occupatioî  oæ                alì  Baerwalä *deò SED-Staatª (1963) 943.086± ¯ Eb393 Ebert¬ Friedricè *Einheiô deò Arbeiterklasse¬ Unterpfanä deó Siegeó (1959) 94.086± ¯ G916 Grotewohl¬ Otto® *Im kampæ uí diå einigå Deutschå Demokratischå Republik.(1945?) Geî Lib® JÎ ¯ 397± ¯ .A9¸ ¯ K58³ ¯ 1978 Hauth¬ Ulricè *Diå Politië voî KPÄ unä SEÄ gegenuebeò deò westdeutscheî sozialdemokratiå (1945-48© (1978). LEÈ ¯ JÎ ¯ 3971.µ ¯ .A9¸ ¯ s¶ ¯ 1973b Š Jungermann¬ Peteò *Diå Wehrideologiå deò SEÄ unä daó Leitbilä deò NVÁ voí sothå territorù helä bù ouò armies¬  ratheò thaî                withdrawaì tï thå agreeä boundarieó foò occupatioî                purposes." 04 JUN Churchilì  warnó Americanó noô tï pulì theiò                troopó  bacë  tï thå pre-arrangeä  Westerî  zones¬                "sincå  thió  woulä signifù thå advancå oæ  Sovieô                poweò  intï  thå hearô oæ Westerî Europå  anä  thå                lowerinç  oæ  aî Iroî Curtaiî betweeî uó  anä  thå                whole Eazialistischeî deutscheî Soldaten® (Stuttgarô 1973) 943.086± ¯ K8393 Kopp¬ Fritz® *Kurú auæ ganú Deutschland¿ Diå Deutschlandpolitië deò SEÄ (Stuttgartº Seewold¬ 1973) DD¯ 261.² ¯ .L34 Lebedev¬ L® K® *Politiká SEPÇ ö oblasté kulturyº 1945-6± (Leningraä 1974) LÅ ¯ JÎ ¯ 3971.µ ¯ .A9¸ ¯ s6µ ¯ 1979 McCauley¬ Martiî *Marxism-Leninisí iî thå Germaî Democratiã Republiã º thå SEÄ (1979) 329.94³ ¯ R449 Riklin¬ Alois® *Selbstzeugnisså deó SEÄ regimes» daó Nationalå Dokument¬ daó erstå Pro     Kapitalismusº   diå  `offenå   terroristischå                Diktatuò    deò   reaktion{rsten¬    aí    meisteî                chauvinistischen¬   aí  meisteî  imperialistischeî                Elementå  deó  Finanzkapital'(Dimitroff©  miô  deí                Zieì    deò    Erhaltunç   deò    kapitalistischeî                Produktionsverh{ltnisse."<Lexikoî  iî  Zweé  B{nde™                (Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklop{die, 1956)<MSBZ p. 15> <1956______________________________________________l you conduct elections in the Soviet occupation zone? We say, Yes (Jawohl)... we will conduct them in such a manner that guarantees that a workers majority is created in all cities and towns" (wir werden sie so durchfuehren, dass unter Guarantie in allen Staedten und Orten eine Arbeitermehrheit zustande kommt.) 10 APR Marshall Sokolovski replaces Marshal Zhukov as head of SMAD and commander of Soviet troops in Germany 19 APR SED founded 28 APR Hausvertrauensleute. In Sachsen ______________ 1957> 31 Jan 30tè SEÄ plenum» reunificatioî onlù possiblå                througè confederatioî witè equaì representatioî                foò GDR¬ FRG. 12 MAR Agreemenô oî temporarù stationinç oæ Sovieô forceó                in the GDR concluded by GDR and USSR. 05 MAY MILITARÙ   "Instruktioî   f]ò   diå   Arbeiô   deò                Parteiorganisatioî  iî  deò  NVÁ voî  5.Maé  1957¢                citeä iî CMR™ p®  61¬  witè notå thaô nï copieó  oæAnhalt, hausvertrauensleute are given responsibility to help the police and "oversee" the population to make administration easier. 22 MAY All Vereine are abolished. 27 MAY all existed trade guilds abolished by orderof the SMAD #161. All tradesmen must join new guilds established at the Land or Provinz level. 30 JUN AT the requestof the SMAd, the Control Commission announces the closure of the border to the soviet zone. 17 JUL SED Partei vorstand decides on "Kommunalpolitische                documenô  haä beeî found®  Instructionó supposedlù                marë increasinç attentioî tï politicaì reliabilitù                oæ   thå  NVA®   "Onå  primarù  concerî   oæ   thå                instructionó    introduceä   iî   195·   oî    thå                relationshið    betweeî    thå   militarù    partù                organizatioî  anä thå functioninç oæ thå  militarù                uniô   waó  tï  attempô  tï  overcomå   thå   gulæ                separatinç    regu Richtlinien" which become basis for new local administrative legislation in SBZ 25 JUL SMAD announces that price supervision has been turned over to the German Economic Commission (DWK) 28 JUL SMAD publishes the election law for local elections in the SBZ. announces the closure of the border to the soviet zone. 17 JUL SED Partei vorstand decides on "Kommunalpolitischelaò   militarù   officeró   froí                participatioî iî partù activities® Cooperatioî waó                lacking prior to this time."<CMR p. 72>  22 NOV INTER-PARTÙ   DECLARATIOΠ publisheä  iî   Pravda®                Adopteä  aô meetinç 14-1¶ November®  Publisheä "iî                thå namå oæ twelvå rulinç Communisô parties¬ seemó                tï reimposå á patterî oæ ideologicaì uniformitù aó                welì  aó  tï  recognizå  thå  speciaì   leadershið              Gary M. Garrettson  Honecker between Brezhneö  anä Gorbachev  Sovieô - Easô Germaî Relationó in Transition Althougè  Leoniä  Brezhneö waó instrumentaì iî  Ericè  Honecker'ó riså  tï thå Generaì Secretaryshið oæ thå Socialisô Unitù  Partù (SED© iî 1971¬  anä thå twï leaderó arå ofteî describeä aó havinç developeä closå personaì ties¬ tensionó betweeî Honeckeò anä somå oæ  Brezhnev'ó closå Sovieô associateó surfaceä durinç thå  earl15 JAN The SPD's declaration against combining with the KPD is prevented from publication by the SMAD. 17 JAN SMAD forbids verbal transmission of the SPD's declaration against combination with the KPD. 9 FEB Ackermann's article on the German road to socialism in Einheit, no 1. 2 MAR 1 Parteikonfernez der SED Ulbricht quoted as having said "We are therfore of the opinion that democracy does not mean that all forces have the opportunity to organize themselves." "People ask, Wilù 1980s®  Iî  contrast¬  Yurié  Andropoö treateä thå  Easô  Germaî leadeò  aó aî importanô anä valuablå ally®  Honeckeò waó giveî aî activå rolå iî promotinç Andropov'ó "peacå initiative¢ iî Europe® Aô thå samå time¬  Honeckeò waó ablå tï removå sucè meî aó  Piotò Abrassimov¬  thå Sovieô ambassadoò tï thå GDR®  Abrassimov¬  anä hió Sovieô superioò Andreé Gromyko¬  werå reputeä tï bå opponentó oæ  improveä German-Germaî relationó durinç thió perioä oæ super poweò tensions®  Andropov'ó de   gammå deò SED¬ daó viertå Statuô deò SED® (Koelnº Verlaç Wissenschafô unä Politik¬ 1963) 329.94³ ¯ So988 Schroeder¬ Ottï *Deò Kampæ deò SEÄ iî deò vorbereitunç unä Durchfuehrunç deó Volksentscheidó iî Sachsen¬ Februaò bió 30® Juné 1946® (Berlin¬ Dietú Verlaç 1961) 335.´ ¯ St45 Stern¬ Carolá *Portraeô eineò bolschewistischeî Partei» Entwicklung¬ Funktioî unä Situatioî deò SED® (Koelnº Verlaç fueò Politië unä Wirtschafô [c1957]) LE¯ JÎ ¯ 3971.µ ¯ .A98/s6µ /1967d Thomas¬ Siegfrieä *Enty the Parliamentary Council. 12 May Berlin blockade ends                Militarù   Governoró  approvå  BASIà  LAW¬   hanä                OCCUPATION    STATUTE   oveò   tï    thå    Germa                representatives®  Federaì  Republiã oæ Germanù anä                thå L{ndeò arå giveî fulì  legislative¬  executivå /\            anä judiciaì power®  Demilitarization¬  controì oæ Š1949           thå  Ruhr¬  foreigî  affairs¬  displaceä  persons¬  \/            securitù  oæ  thå  Allischeidunç iî Berlin® Zuò Entstehungsgeschichtå deò SEÄ iî deò deutscheî Hauptstadô 1945/46® Berliî Akademiå verlaç 1967 LEÈ ¯ JÎ ¯ 3971.µ /.A9¸ /s6µ ¯ 1971f Ulbricht¬ Walteò *Diå historischå Missioî deò Sozialistischeî Einheitsparteé Deutschlandó (Berlinº Dietz¬ 1971) 30¸ ¯ Ú ¯ boø 79· UÓ Officå oæ Higè COmmissioneò foò Germanù *Thå Socialisô Unitù Partù aó thå Sovieô Instrumenô oæ poweò iî Easô GErmanù [n.p.Ý 1950 LEÈ ¯ 3971.µ ¯ .A9¸ s6µ 1971 Weber¬ Hermanî anä Freä Oldenburg® 2µ eä armeä  forces¬  anä  de-                Nazificatioî   werå  reserveä  tï  thå   occupyinç                authorities® Anù changeó iî thå Basiã La÷ requireä                the prior approval aof the occupation authorities. 23 MAY WEST GERMAN CONSTITUTION comes into force. AUTUMN Thå firsô 12-montè courseó foò higheò officeró  oæ                thå  BPР begaî aô thå Sovieô militarù academù  aô                Privolsk near Saratov on the Volga. <EGA p. 21> SEP ManJahrå SEÄ Chronië eineò Partei. LEÈ ¯ JÎ ¯ 3971.µ ¯ .A9¸ /s6µ 1974h Weber¬ Hermanî *Diå SEÄ nacè Ulbricht. LEÈ ¯ 3971.µ ¯ .A9¸ ¯ s6µ /1971g Weber¬ Hermanî *Diå Sozialistischå Einheitsparteé Deutschlandó 1946-1971. Š Gån Lib® ¯ jn3971.µ ¯ .A6¶ /s38 Schwarzenbach¬ Rudolf® *Diå Kaderpolitië deò SEä iî Deò Staatsverwaltungº eiî Beitraç zuò Entwicklunç deó Verlaeltnisseó voî Parteé unä Staaô iî deò DDÒ (1945-1975© Koelnº Verlaç Wissenschafô unä Politië c1976 943.08¶ ¯ So98 SEÄ 3rä Paragemenô oæ thå "disguiseä militarù forces"¬ no÷                undeò thå Chieæ Administratioî oæ  Schooling¬  waó                takeî   oveò   iî   Septembeò  194¹   bù   Wilhelí                ZAISSER.<EGA P. 21> Heinz HOFFMANN became deputy. 21 SEP Occupatioî Statutå comeó intï force¬  markinç  enä                oæ  militarù  governemntó  "aó  such¢  iî  Westerî                zones® "hencefortè thå Higè Commisssioneró werå tï                exerciså  thå  controì  powers¬  anä  ttù Conferencå 1956 o5³ /w7µ /v.µ Festgabå deò III® Parteikonferenú deò SEÄ (1956) 329.94³ ¯ So9883 Ulbricht¬ Walteò (5tè Partù conferencå 1958© ¶ /s38 Schwarzenbach¬ Rudolf® *Diå Kaderpolitië deò SEä iî Deò Staatsverwaltungº eiî Beitraç zuò Entwicklunç deó Verlaeltnisseó voî Parteé unä Staaô iî deò DDÒ (1945-1975© Koelnº Verlaç Wissenschafô unä Politië c1976 943.08¶ ¯ So98 SEÄ 3rä Parhå  supremå                commanders the military powers." <GQ p. 31>                30 SEP BERLIN AIRLIFT ends /\  01 OCT SOVIEÔ  NOTÅ  tï thå Westerî Poweró  presenteä  "á 1949           finaì  appeal¢  texô haä noô beeî releaseä  aó  oæ  \/            1967¬  buô  ió referreä tï specificallù bù  Sovieô                Generaì  Chiukoö  iî  hió  messagå  oæ  ¸  Octobeò                announcinç  thå  establishmenô oæ thå GDR  Sovieô                Monitor¬   Octobeò  11¬   19ù  unreliablå  and/oò  memberó  oæ   thå                Germaî  policå  prioò tï 194µ haä tï bå  dismisseä                froí thå armeä forces®  <EGA™ p®  20-21¾ 05 APR- WASHINGTON COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS 06 APR      Drafted the Occupatin Statute for West Germany.          05 MAY- Basiã    La÷   oæ   Wesô   Germanù   decreeä    bù       06 MAY   Parliamentary Council. 08 MAY BASIà  LA×   (Constitution©  oæ  FEDERAÌ   GERMAÎ                REPUBLIC ratified b49»   Foreigî  Office¬                Selecteä Documentó oî Germanù anä thå Questioî  oæ                Berlin¬  1944-1961™ (London¬  HMSO¬  1961)¬ p® 124®                cited in Germany beyond the Wall p. 215> 4 OCT 22nä  Plenuí oæ ZË SEÄ decideó tï forí provisionaì                GDÒ govt® 7 OCT GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC founded ralissimï  Stalin®  Hå saiä witè referencå  tï                thå  Conference¬  thaô  theså werå onlù thå  firsô               ath¬  anä hió replacemenô bù  Kon stantiî Chernenko¬  waó followeä bù sharð Sovieô criticisí oæ thå GDÒ  anä  Honecker'ó  attempô tï "limiô thå  damagå  tï  detente¢ causeä  bù  thå confrontatioî betweeî thå Uniteä Stateó  anä  thå USSÒ oveò INÆ deploymenô iî 1983® Iô ió interestinç tï notå thaô mosô  oæ  thå majoò Sovieô criticó froí thaô campaigî  havå  beeî removeä  froí  thå posô theù helä aô thaô timå bù thå ne÷  Sovieô Generaì Secretarù M® S® Gorbachev® Althougè theså "kremlinologi ilitarù Administratioî tï thå organó oæ  thå  GDÒ  state®  Iî  doinç thió  thå  CPSÕ  anä  thå  Sovieô governmenô  continueä  theiò internatinalisô policù  towardó  thå German people. (p. 171) "We¬ thå Communists¬ haä neveò beeî thå oneó whï preferreä tï seå thå  worlä  armeä ô thå teetè anä mankinä iî á statå oæ  constanô anxietù aô thå dangeò oæ war¬  anä wå neveò shalì be® Onå oæ ouò communisô idealó ió peacå foò thå benefiô oæ alì nations® Buô wå arå  noô pacifistó either»  wå kno÷ tcal¢  connectionó dï noô providå thå basió foò firí  conclusions¬ theù dï presenô aî intriguinç anglå froí whicè tï vie÷ thå recenô "tuç  oæ  war¢  betweeî thå Sovieô Unioî anä oî  å  oæ  heò  mosô importanô Easô Europeaî allies. Thió presentation¬ iæ selected¬ wilì requirå originaì researcè tï develoð  anä updatå existinç work®  Sourcå  materiaìs (primarilù memoiró  anä presó reports© arå availablå tï establisè thå corre lationó  outlineä  above¬   buô  noô  tï  establisè  anù   causaì re.. This file is intended to be a master list of notes on topics in .. Eastern Europe encountered in my reading. .. .. It should begin with a directory of Topics, then of sources. .. .. The entries should be thoughts and conclusions rather than dates .. and events. .. A. Rosó Johnsoî Thå Warsa÷ Pactº Sovieô Militarù Policù iî Easterî      Europe® iî Saraè Terry¬ ed® Sovieô Policù iî Easterî Europe®      pp. 255-283. 255  "Buô mosô fundamentally¬  thå Sovieô stakå iî Easterî Eurlationships®  Thå  conferencå papeò woulä bå intendeä tï raiså aî  intruiginç  questioî ratheò thaî  engagå  iî  unsubstantiateä speculation.¬ iæ selected¬ wilì requirå originaì researcè tï develoð  anä updatå existinç work®  Sourcå  materiaìs (primarilù memoiró  anä presó reports© arå availablå tï establisè thå corre lationó  outlineä  above¬   buô  noô  tï  establisè  anù   causaì reopå      involoveó  securitù considerationó anä ió baseä oî  militarù      power.¢ 255 "Thå realitù oæ Sovieô militarù poweò iî Easterî Europå  aó      á  principlå instrumenô oæ Svoieô policù vis-a-vió  Westerî      Europe and as the ultimate 256 guarantoò   oæ   Easterî  Europeaî  policieó   anä   regimeó      acceptablå  tï thå USSÒ haó noô changeä - eitheò iî facô  oò      in the minds of the Soviet leaders." 256 "Yet all available calculations indicate that the East Euro 257 peaî Apparently¬  manù  otheró retained this prejudice. (p. 133) Thå  masó  oæ  thå younç populatioî "remaineä oî  thå  sidelines¬ Šadopting a wait-and-see attitude." (p.133) "Whilå  thå  SMAÄ  anä  thå officeró oæ thå  Reä  Armù  whï  werå responsiblå  foò  thå  youtè worë  iî  thå  provinces¬  supporteä everythinç  thaô helpeä tï includå thå younç genereatioî  iî  thå procesó  oæ  democratiã development¬  thå American¬  Britisè  anä Frencè  militarù authoritieó sooî begaî tï  obstrucô  antif  armeä  forceó  havå acquireä á majoò  rolå  iî  Sovieô      militarù  planninç  foò Europeaî warfare¬  jusô  aó  Easterî      Europe has become a key staging ground for Soviet forces. 257 "Sovieô  militarù  policù  in Easterî Europå musô  bå  vieweä      primarilù througè thió prisí oæ East-West¬  Warsa÷ Pact-NATÏ      relations." 257 "Sovieô militarù forceó iî Easterî Europå servå á verù  reaì      internaì  policinç function¬  eveî thougè thió rolå doeó noô      explaiî  thå  numberó  oòascisô activity in every possible way. " p. 136 Arrangementó  foò  á delegatioî oæ Germaî youtè tï  visiô  Mosco÷ requireä  approvaì  oæ  Honecker'ó requesô bù thå SMAÄ  (1´  Julù 1947© p®  153® Aô thå time¬ Honeckeò complaineä thaô "anti-Sovieô propaganda¢  waó  "beinç intensivelù spreaä  amongsô  thå  Germaî youth." (p. 153) "Oî  orderó froí thå governmenô oæ tå USSÒ thå chieæ oæ thå SMAD¬ Generaì V.I® Chiukov¬ handeä oveò thå administrativå functionó sï faò exercizeä bù thå Sovieô M  (iî  mosô  cases©  thå   specifiã      deployment of forces in the region." 257 "Iî  thå  1980's¬   greateò  competinç  demandó  oî  Sovieô      militarù  resourceó  aô  homå  anä abroad  givå  thå  Sovieô      leadershið  á  stronç incentivå foò developinç  aî  enhanceä      East European contribution to total Soviet-con- 258 trolleä miitarù poweò iî Europe® Yet¬ ..® ¬ eveî beforå thå      outbreaë   oæ   thå  Polisè  crisió  iî  198°  therå   werå      operational¬  institutional¬  anä        skirmisheó anä brusheó oæ reconnaissancå forceó oî                thió  question®  Differenceó haä occurreä  iî  thå                pasô  oî  otheò questions¬  anä aó á  rule¬  afteò                peoplå haä exhausteä themselveó iî  dispute¬  theù                theî  recognizeä thå necessitù oæ  compromise®  Iô                waó  possiblå  thaô  nï  greaô  succesó  woulä  bå                acheiveä  aô  thió session¬  buô hå  thoughô  thaô                compromiseó   werå   possiblå  oå   economiã  independencå   (withouô                subsidies).                 Germanù 1947-49¬  thå storù iî Documents™ U.S®                Dept of State, pp. 33-41, and pp. 356-359. 4 Jun SMAD order #138 estabalishes German Economic                Commissioî (DWK©; becomeó supremå econ® administra                tioî  iî  Sovieô  zonå oî 1´  June®  Firsô  Germaî                centraì administration in SBZ.<GdDDR p. 156-57>                Emphsizeä  facô thaô differenceó oæî  alì  thå   maiî                questions¬  includinç demilitarization¬  politicaì                structurå  oæ Germany¬  reparationó  anä  economiã                unity®  Iô  waó necessarù tï havå patiencå anä noô                become pessimisstic.                 É  sincerelù hopå thaô thå  Generalissimï  ió                correcô  iî  thå  vie÷ hå expresseä  anä  thaô  iô                implieó  á  greateò spiriô oæ cooperatioî  bù  thå                Sovieô  Delegatioî iî futurå co  opinioî  con                cerninç  uniforí policù werå becominç  unsurmount                able® <GQ™ p® 2µ witè wronç date¬ 0´ July¾ 05 JUN MARSHALL PLAN announced. 06 JUN- ALL-GERMAN MINISTER-PRESIDENT CONFERENCE 07 JUN    Helä Iî Munich¬  onlù sucè conferencå tï takå                place®   Unsuccessfuì  attempô  tï  holä   Germanù 1947           together??                 "Diå   Einberufunç  deò  M}ncheneò  Konferenú                konntå  - wenî maî siå nferences®  Buô  wå                cannoô  ignorå  thå factoò oæ timå involveä  here®                Thå  recoverù oæ Europå haó beeî faò  sloweò  thaî                haä beeî 12 MAR TRUMAN DOCTRINE proclaimed.                 "Eó  seé daraî erinnert¬  daþ aí 12®  M{rú  deó                gleicheî Jahreó USA-Pr{sidenô Trumaî seinå Doktriî                verk}ndete¬  dereî Hauptinhalô deò Antikommunismuó                aì Prinzið deò imperialistischeî Au~enpolitië  deò                USA war." 26 MAR Formeò  Presidenô  HOOVEÒ  - speakó  oî   Germ         nationalgesinnteî  Kr{ftå ihrå Kampfformeî  {nderî                mu~ten¬  uí  diå  endg}ltigå Spaltunç  deó  Landeó                abzuwendeî  unä  unteò deî neueî  Bedingungeî  deî                Kampæ   uí  diå  politischå  unä   wirtschaftlichå                Einheit Deutschlands weiterzuf}hren."                 "Diå  Konferenú deò Ministerpr{sidenten¬  diå                nacè  deî  Vorstellungeî deò  L{nderchefó  iî  deî                Westzoneî  sicè angeblicè nany¬                "similaò  lineó"  tï  Byrneó  calì  foò  unitù  anä                increased authority. <GQ                p. 25> 08 MAY Undeò  Secretarù oæ Statå ACHESOÎ calló foò Germaî                unity®  <GQ™ p®  25¾ Thereafter¬  Generaì Claù  waó                directeä   tï  develoð  Germaî  authoritù  iî  thå                L{nder¬  limiô  thå dismantlinç operationó iî  thå                waò industry¬  raiså thå generaì livinç  standard¬                anä   increasuò miô deò  }berwindunç                wirtschaftlicheò  Schwierigkeiteî befasseî sollte¬                waò  iî Wirklichkeiô dazõ gedacht¬  diå  deutscheî                Landesregierungeî deò sowjetischeî  Besatzungszonå                iî  deî Einflu~bereicè deó Westenó zõ ziehen¬  siå Š               auæ diå antisowjetischå Liniå deò CDU/CSÕ- unä  deò                SPD- F}hrunç  iî deî Westzoneî zõ dr{ngeî unä  deî                Einfluþ deò westlicheî Milit{radministrationeî auæ             socioeconomiã reasonó thaô      madå  Mosco÷  unablå tï counô oî eveî á contiuatioî  oæ  thå      East European military effort of the 1970s. 258 Easô Europeaî militarù establishmentó firsô becamå importanô      for the USSR in the early 1950's.      Thå  Easô Europeaî militarù establishmentó  werå  internallù      Stalinized.      Three channels of party control over the forces       1©  commanä structureº  officeró werå partù  loyalists¬      Politicaì  administratioî anä securitù fnä  (Gomulka© iî hió reporô oî thå meetinç  <TL™ Š               2¹  Nov®  1957>¬  "madå  iô cleaò thaô thå  Policè                Partù  opposeä botè á ne÷ Comintern..®  anä á  ne÷                Cominform....¢ MAO's praiså oæ thå USSÒ waó intermó                oæ  technology¬  noô ideology®  Samueì Sharð  seeó                thió meetinç aó markinç á "dispositioî oî thå parô                oæ thå Sovieô Unioî tï substitutå - *** VINCENÚ M]LLEÒ removeä froí hió postó oæ NVÁ Chieæ                oæ Stafæ anä Deputù Defenså Minister®  M]lleò dieó                omî  1²  MAÙ  196±  afteò á  "fataì  falRed Army."      Afteò   Stalin'ó  death...®   Economiã  considerationó  werå      cardinaì  iî  thå Sovieô efforô tï rationalizå  whaô  waó  no÷      vieweä   aó   Stalin'ó  misallocatioî   oæ   military-relateä      resourceó  iî  Easterî Europe®  ...thå militarù  burdeî  iî      Easterî  Europå haä seriouslù destabilizinç poilticaì ramifi      cations® Sï iî aî atmospherå oæ relaxinç East-Wesô tensions¬      defenså  spendinç waó reduceä anä militarù manpoweò  cuô  iî      Easterí Euroì  froí  á                window.¢  citeä  aó  thå onlù examplå oæ  aî  Easô                Germaî Generaì beinç "dramaticallù liquidated.¢ bù                Generaì  Siò Harrù Tuzo¬  G.C.B,O.B.E,M.C.,M.Á  iî                thå Introductioî oæ EGA80¬ p® 12 <1957____________________________________________________________ 1958> 14 JAN MILITARÙ  "Beschlusó deó Politb]rï ]beò diå  Rollå                deò  Parteé  iî deò Nationaleî  Volksarmeå  voî  1´                Januarù 195pe,..."      "Easô  Europeaî militarù doctrinå waó modifieä (afteò Stalin©      Staliî  haä  resisteä thå technicaì advantageó  oæ  greateò      mechanizatioî anä concentratioî oæ grounä forces» theså werå      no÷  accepted¬  anä  motorizeä divisionó  replaceä  infantrù      divisions in the Eastern European armed forces.      "Thå  foundinç  iî Warsa÷ Treatù  Organizatioî  ..®  aó  thå      formaì  multilateraì securitù alliancå oæ thå stateó  withiî      thå  Sovieô orbiô waó noô princi8¢ citeä iî CMR™ p® 6± witè notå thaô nï                copù  oæ  thå documenô haä beeî  found®  Increaseä                role of Party in NVA.                 "Onlù   thoså   officeró  caî  bå   senô   tï                qualificatioî  courseó  (Qualifikationslehrg{ngen©                aô  educationaì establishmentó anä  academieó  whï                posesó  á  genuinå perspectivå iî thå senså oæ  tè                demiandó  placeä  oî á commandeò oæ  thå  people'ó                armù       positioî  oæ thå Sovieô Union®                However....                 "...thå  verù facô thaô thå partieó  representinç                governmentó  oæ  sovereiçn countrieó werå  singleä                ouô foò á speciaì meetinç anä declaration¬ insteaä                oæ   beinç  lumpeä  togetheò  witè  thå  masó   oæ                parties..®  ió  á significanô departurå froí  pasô                practice.¢ Also¬  Yugoslaviá refuseä tï sign¬  anä                Polaoæ   thå  workers§  anä   peasants§   statå                (Arbeiter- unä  Bauernmacht©  anä  foò  whicè  thå                approvaì  oæ thå respectivå partù organizatioî  oò                partù leadershið ió oî hand." 24 May SECOND PCC session 7 July Decisioî bù USSÒ noô tï seeë supporô costó foò                Soviet troo         diå    Gesamtentwicklunç   iî   deò   sowjetischeî                Besatzungszone zu verst{rken."<ndK p. 300>                 EA 1948 pp. 1145ff.                 Staritz, Die Gr]ndung, p. 145.                 Weber, GdDDR, pp. 148ff.                 Gr]newald¬     Wilhelm¬     Diå    M]ncheneò                 Ministerpr{sidentenkonferenú   1947®   Anlaþ   unä                Scheiterî   eineó  gesamtdeutscheî  Unternehmens.                Meisenheim am Glan 1971.    forceó iî Easô Germanù waó alwayó hotlù denied¬ iî Š               Maù  195²  thå  ruleró admitteä  thå  build-uð  oæ                "nationaì forces"®  Theù trieä tï justifù thió  bù                thå allegeä "war-mongering¢ iî thå Wesô aó welì aó                "remilitarizatioî   oæ  thå  Federaì  Republiã  oæ                Germany"¬  wherå  aô  thaô  timå  eveî  thå  legaì                conditionó  foò  settinç  uð thå  forceó  diä  noô                exist¬  noô tï speaë oæ thå exist                 Krautkr{mer¬    Elmar®   "Deò   innerdeutschå                Konflikô  uí diå  Ministerpr{sidentenkonferenú  iî                M]ncheî      1947.¢     Vierteljahresheftå     f]ò                Zeitgeschichte 20(1972), pp. 154 ff.                 Steininger,Rolf®    "Zuò    Geschichtå    deò                M]ncheneò    Ministerpr{sidentenkonferenú    1947®                Vierteljahresheftå  f]ò Zeitgeschichtå 2³  (1975)¬                pp.encå oæ  militarù                units.¢  "Sovieô  initiativå anä guidancå  iî  thå                militarizatioî  oæ  Easô Germanù caî bå seeî  froí                thå fact¬  amonç others¬  thaô sincå thå beginninç                oæ  1952¬   oî  orderó  froí  thå  Sovieô  Controì                Commission¬  thå  weaponó  oæ thå  Wehrmachô  useä                untiì  theî iî traininç iî thå BPÐ werå  graduallù                replaced by Soviet models.<EGA p. 24>                 Easô  Ge 375ff. 14 JUN Deutschå  Wirtschaftkommissioî (DWK© beginó  work®                Heinricè RAÕ (1899-1961© ió nameä leader® RAÕ infï                iî GdDDR™ p®  157® Thå DWË ió seeî aó á steð towarä                democratiã  centralism¬  alsï aó aî instrumenô foò                increasinç thå poweò oæ thå SEÄ anä á furtheò steð /\            toward the division of Germany. <GdDDR p. 158> 1947 25 JUN BIZONAÌ    ECONOMIà  COUNCIÌ    establisheä    iî  \/            Frankfurt(M©rmaî armeä forceó werå no÷ builô  uð                openly¬ thougè stilì calleä thå barrackeä Peoples§                Police®   1500°  officeró  anä  3000°  NCOó   werå                reeducateä anä retrained®  Chieæ Administratioî oæ                Traininç  waó renameä thå Chieæ Administratioî  oæ                thå  Barrackeä Peoples§ Police¬  anä togetheò witè                thå  CANР anä  CAAР werå  subordinateä  tï   thå                Ministeò oæ Interior¬ Willé STOPH® Heinú HOFFMANN¬  bù thå Landtagå oæ  "Bizonia"®  Top-                leveì bodù foò coordinatioî oæ economù iî  Britisè                anä Americaî zones¬ alsï calleä thå FIRSÔ ECONOMIà                COUNCIL® <GQ™ p® 25> MID SMAÄ Ordeò #015µ (neveò madå public© calló foò thå                establishmenô  oæ  speciaì  "bordeò  units.¢  Thió                Ordeò waó á violatioî oæ thå Potsdaí Agreemenô anä                oæ Controì Counciì directivå No®  23®  <MSBZ™ p® 2·                 26 MAY GDÒ Counciì oæ Ministeró establisheó  no-gï  areá         alliance.                 "Giveî   Ulbricht'ó  conducô  iî  thå  monthó                beforå anä afteò Stalin'ó death¬ iô ió likelù thaô                iî  195²  hå waó alreadù onå  oæ  thoså  Communisô                leaderó  whï favoreä á Germaî Communisô rump-statå                iî   thå  Easterî  bloã  oveò   thå   "all-German¢                expereiment." MAY "Thougè  iî previouó yearó thå existencå oæ  armeä               18 MAY  alonç  demarcatioî linå witè Wesô  Germany®  "µ  kí                breite Sperrzone". <GdDDR p. 255> 09 JUL- 2nd SED PARTY CONFERENCE 12 JUL Sourceº   Protokoll   der  Verhandlungen  der   2®                Parteikonferenz der SED¬  vom 9® bis 12® Juli 195²                in   der   Werner-Seelenbinder-Halle   zu   Berlin                (Berlin, 1952)                 Thå  SEÄ  approveä  "Walteò  Ulbricht'ó  far-                reaching¬    aggressivå   prograí   oæ    ps, from 1 January 1959. 10 Nov Khruscheö declareó intentioî oæ endinç four-poweò                responsibilitù foò Berlin. <1958____________________________________________________________ 1959> 05 JAN Friedricè Engeló Militarù Academù opened® "purposå                waó  tï  traiî officeró foò commanä  positionó  aô                regimentaì leveì oò higher.¢ Graduatioî froí  thió                academù  becamå á prerequisitå foò commanä aô  thå                reg. leveonent NSWP forces assigned to the CAF. (Simon p.24) 06 DEC MOSCO× DECLARATIOÎ oæ Communisô  Parties®  Excerpô                froí  passagå oî "peaceful¢ meanó - citeä iî  MSBZ™                iî defenså oæ argumenô thaô "Peace¢ ió noô useä tï                meaî  thå  samå  thinç iî DDR  aó  iî  West®  "Thå                workinç  clasó  anä  itó  vanguard¬  thå  Marxist-                Leninisô    party...¬     sinä    bestrebt¬    diå                sozialistischå  Revolutioî miô friel.<CMA p. 64>                 Ulbrichô  introduceó  twï  noveì  methodó  bù                whicè  politicaì  activisí  bù officeró  woulä  bå                ensured®  Theså  werå  (a©  worë  bù  officeró  iî                industrù  anä (b© servicå bù officeró aó  enlisteä Š               men®  <1959____________________________________________________________ 1960> Jan Kpallù á consequencå oæ  thió      procesó  oæ  rationalizinç  thå  Sovieô  anä  Easô  Europeaî      militarù  establishments®  Thå  creatioî oæ thå Warsa÷  Pacô      was¬  rather¬  explaineä iî politicaì terms®  Externally¬ iô      waó politicaì responså tï thå incorporatioî oæ Wesô  GErmanù      iî NATO® Iî intrabloã terms¬ iô waó aî efforô tï establisè á      multinationaì politicaì orgainzatioî that¬ ..® coulä providå      aî   institutionaluzeä   substitutå  foò  thå   personalizeä      rushchev's troop reduction plan initiated (Simon p. 16)                I.S®  Koneö  waó  onå  oæ thå Sovieô  officeró  whï  opposeä                Khrushchev'ó  emphasió oî thå Sovieô Strategiã Rockeô Forceó                aô thå expenså oæ Grounä Forces®  Hå waó forceä froí activå                commnad at this time, and replaced by Grechko. (Simon p. 18) 4 Feb THIRD PCC session (Simon p. 15)                claims NVA reduction of 90,000 men,                total NSWP reduction of 500,0Stalinist system...." 260 "Aô  thå outset¬  iô (thå Warsa÷ Pact© serveä  onå  concretå      Sovieô militarù purposeº Iô offereä aî alternativå sourcå oæ      legitimizatioî  foò  deploymenô oæ Sovieô forceó iî  Hungarù      anä Romaniá afteò ratificatioî oæ thå Austriaî Statå  Treatù      iî  1955®  Iô alsï supplieä thå Sovietó witè á mechanisí tï      contaiî thå renationalizatioî oæ thå Easô Europeaî  militarù      esstablishment that began after Stalin's death." 00 men,                and WTO reductions of 2.6 million since 1955 10 Feb Volkskammeò passeó la÷ oî formatioî oæ Nationaì                Defenså Council¬ anä thå creatioî oæ á permanenô                committe for nationa defense. July GRECHKO, A.A. becomes WTO Commander in Chief                "á distinguisheä solideò anä frienä oæ Khrushchev.¢ Presideä                oveò   thå  builduð  oæ  thå  GSFÇ   1953-1957®   "Grechko'ó                experiencå iî Europeaî militaWest¬ alsï  tooë  uð theiò appointeä positions®  Ouò armeä  forceó  haä supporô  froí thå Sovieô forceó stationeä iî thå  GDR¬  commandeò sincå  1°  Augusô  196±  bù Marshaì  oæ  thå  Sovieô  Unioî  I.S® Konev.(p.211) ... ..®  "Onlù iî thå evenô oæ NATÏ armieó gettinç involveä woulä thå Sovieô forceó stationeä iî thå GDÒ gï intï action." p. 211) assigneä  tï  them®  Thå workers§ militiá iî Berliî anä  iî  thå districtó oæ Potsdaí anä Frankfurt/Odeò whicè bordeò Berlin-rù matteró anä friendshið  witè                Khrushcheö  maù havå giveî hií addeä authoritù tï pusè foò á                more active role for NWSP forces." (Simon p. 18)                "Upoî  assuminç  commanä  iî  1960¬   Marshaì  Grechkï  madå                consciouó  effortó  tï  improvå thå statuó oæ thå CAÆ  aó  á                combat-readù force® Thå Warsa÷ Pacô Cinà replaceä T-3´ tankó                witè morå moderî T-5´ anä T-5µ tankó anä begaî tï  integratå                the compseeinç                thå  implementatioî oæ thå Stalinizatioî  campaigî                in the DDR.<GdDDR p. 181-182> SPRING SMAÄ  "PURGÅ ORDER¢ (No®  204/2© alì personó  witè                closå relativeó iî thå West¬  whï werå detaineä iî                thå Wesô foò á considerablå timå aó POWs¬ whï werå                refugeeó froí easterî Germaî territories¬ whï werå                politicallù  unreliablå  and/oò  memberó  oæ   thå Š               Germaî  policå  prioò tï 194µ h     "buildinç                socialism¢     iî    thå    Germaî     Democratiã                Republic"<SFPAS 171> JUL CHIEÆ  ADMINISTRATIOΠ oæ thå  AIÒ  POLICÅ  (CAAP©                formeä  froí  thå ZBV² department®  Commanä  takeî                oveò  bù  Heinú KESSLER¬  aô thå  timå  á  leadinç                functionarù  oæ thå FDJ®  Kessleò deserteä tï  thå                Reä  Armù  iî 1941¬  anä haä acheiveä thå ranë  oæ                major General by 1952. <EGA p. 24> aó Secretarù oæ thå Centraì                Committee,¢     witè    Khrushcheö    thå     onlù                representativå  oæ thå Secretariaô oî thå  Centraì                Committee®   21 MAR MALENKOÖ  "released¢  froí  hió  dutieó  aó  Partù                Sectretarù   "aô   hió  owî   request.¢   <Pravda¾                Khrushcheö  succeedó  hií iî post®  Beriá heaä  oæ           05 JUL GDÒ Counciì oæ MInisters¬  oî instructioî froí thå                Cà SED¬  decideó oî thå foundatioî oæ  fouò  ARMÙ                GROUPS®  ARMÙ  GROUÐ NORTÈ (³ divisions»  Eggesin¬                Prorá oî thå Islanä oæ R]geî anä Prenzlau© anä thå                correspondinç Armù troopó werå seô uð aó earlù  aó                late summer 1952.<EGA p. 25> 07 OCT Ne÷  uniforms¬  khaké insteaä oæ blue¬  anä  rankó                introduceä foò KVÐ, resembling Soviet      MVD¬ Molotoö Foreigî Minister¬ Bulganiî Min® Def.¬                Malenkov Chairman of Council of Ministers. 15 APR CPSU CC recommends CC SED to soften policies                 "...Mosco÷  noô onlù tolä thå Germaî  leaderó                tï forgeô abouô economiã aiä buô insisteä thaô thå                SEÄ   changå   itó  policy®   Thå   "harä   line"¬                socialis`zation¬  haä tï bå discontinued.¢                 "Abo models. Š DEC TECHNICAÌ STAND-BÙ COMMANDS¬  establisheä iî 1952¬                had 13000 men.<EGA p. 25> END RECRUITMENÔ  ANÄ REPLACEMENÔ ORGANIZATIOÎ haä beeî                builô uð bù thió point¬  anä thå firsô releaseó oæ                meî afteò threå yearó oæ servicå createä thå firsô                reserves of men for the armed forces.<EGA p. 25> <1952____________________________________________________________ 1953> 19 FEB COUNCIÌ   oæ   MINISTERS¬    "uô  á  montè  afteò  Stalin'ó  deatè  thå                subjecô oæ Easô Germany¬ whicè haä á higè prioritù                oî  thå  agenda¬  camå  uð foò discussioî  iî  thå                Sovieô  Presidium®  Iî  accordancå  witè  thå  ne÷                trends¬  thå Sovieô leadershið addresseä á  letteò                tï thå Centraì Committeå oæ thå SEÄ oî Apriì 16th¬                1953¬ suggestinç á "turninç awaù froí thå rigorouó                policy.¢  Thå  texô  oæ  thió  letter¬  anä  witè   á   vie÷   tï                strengtheninç  furtheò  thå poweò oæ  thå  state,¢                foundeä  withiî  thå Ministrù oæ  thå  Interioò  á                Statå Secretary'ó Officå oæ Interior®  Thió officå                tooë  carå  oæ traditionaì dutieó oæ  Ministrù  oæ                Interior¬  whiclå  thå  resô oæ thå Ministrù  tooë                oveò   thå  taskó  oæ  á  Ministrù  oæ   Defense.¢                TERRITORIAÌ  ADMINISTRATIONÓ alsï begaî tï bå  seô            oæ  á                subsequenô notå oæ Junå 3¬ havå noô beeî revealed®                <SFPAS™ p®  17± <SBZA™ no®  13¬ Julù µ 1953¬ p® 200»                EA™ nï 14/15¬ Julù 20-Auç 5® 1953¬ p® 5831» SBÚ voî                1945™  bió  1954º  diå  Sowjetischå  Besatzungszone™                Deutschlandó  iî  deî Jahreî 194µ bió  1954™  Bonn¬                Bundesministeriuí   f}ò   Gesamtdeutschå   Fragen¬                1956.>¾ "Iî Berliî therå waó surpriså anä consterŠ               na    uð  aô thió time®  Theù includeä TÁ 3000(Dresden)¬                4000(Pasewalk)¬  5000(Schwerin© anä 6000(Leipzig)®                Onlù thå TÁ 4000¬ whicè correspondeä tï Armù Grouð                North¬  haä  morå  thaî  threå  divisionó  aô  itó                disposal.<EGA p. 26> 05 MAR DEATH OF JOSEPH STALIN 14 MAR Richarä Lowenthaì nameó thió aó thå datå oî whicè                "thå collectivå oæ Stalin'ó heiró forceä  Malenkoö                tï  yielä hió positioî tion» thå instructionó werå contrarù tï wahô thå                leadershið anä thå officiaì presó haä beeî  propa                gatinç daily®  Disobediance¬  however¬  waó ouô oæ                thå question» Ulbricht'ó Centraì Committeå decideä                tï  makå  changeó iî itó policy¬  buô  tï  proceeä                slowly."<SFPAS™ p® 171>                 "Iî  thå  followinç  twï  monthó  thå  Sovieô                Governmenô trieä tï steeò thå courså iî Germanù tï                 dlicheî Mittelî                durchzuf}hren®     Diå    Verwirklichunç    dieseò                M|glichkeiô   entspr{chå   deî   Interesseî    deò                Arbeiterklasså unä deó ganzeî Volkes¬ deî gesamteî                nationalen Interessen des landes."                "F}ò deî Fall¬  daþ diå Ausbeuterklasseî deí Volkå                gegen}beò Gewalô gebraucheî sollten¬  muþ maî eieî                anderå M|glichkeiô ií Augå habenº <1960____________________________________________________________ 1961> Š     Jan KENNEDÙ  takeó officå iî USA¬  calló foò  increaseä  defenså                spending¬   concentratinç   oî   conventionaì   grounä   waò                capabilptrollå   ií   Staaô                spielen.">>                Publicatioî oæ 2nä editioî oæ Leniî workó Oî War¬                Armù anä Militarù Science™ iî Easô Berlin®  Lenin'ó                definitioî    oæ    militarismº    "Deò    modernå                Militarismuó isô eiî Resultaô deó Kapitalismus® Iî                seineî     beideî     Formeî    ió     eò     einå                `Lebenserscheinung§    deó    Kapitalismusº    Aló             ities. (Simon p. 18) 28 Mar FOURTÈ PCà sessionº measureó adopteä tï improvå defenså                capacitù oæ NVA¬ includinç morå moderî equipt® May BAY of PIGS 12 MAY Formeò  NVÁ Cheiæ oæ Stafæ Vincenú M}lleò dieó  by                "unexplained¢  defenestration®  3-5 Aug   Meetinç oæ firsô secretarieó oæ communisô anä                workers§ partieó oæ Warsa÷ Pacô stateó iî Moscow»                discussioî oæ   Kriegsmacht¬  diå voî deî Kapitalistischeî Staateî                beé  ihreî  {u~ereî Zusammenst|~eî  verwandô  wirä                (`Militarismuó nacè au~en'¬ wiå sicè diå Deutscheî                ausdr}cken)¬  unä aló Waffe¬ diå iî deî H{ndeî deò                herrschendeî   Klasså   zuò  Niederhaltunç   alleò                Wirtschaftlicheî  unä  politischeî  Bewegunç   deó                Proletariató     dienô     (`Militarismuó     nacè                innen')." <1961____________________________________________________________ 1962> Šò                herrschendeî   Klasså   zuò  Niederhaltunç   alleò                Wirtschaftlicheî  unä  politischeî  Bewegunç   deó                Proletariató     dienô     (`Militarismuó     nacè                innen')."                 ZAIMAY Sovieô  Controì  Commissioî disbandeä bù  Sovieô                govt®    V®    Semenoö   appointeä   Sovieô   Higè                Commissioner in Germany.                Sourceº  Dokumentatioî deò Zeit¬  Berliî (Ost© voí                15.4. 1954, S. 4491ff. <GdDDR p. 256>                 "Whilå  thå  removaì oæ  á  formaì  "control¢                agencù  waó  á 28 MAY Centraì Committeå resolutioî INCREASEÓ WORË  NORMÓ         Conference,¾ "Thió statemenô coulä                not havå  beeî  made¬  oæ  course¬ô universallù accepteä iî                thå  West®   seå  Josepè  Foschpoth¬  Wiå  Adenauò                Churchilì  austrickstå  Diå Zeit™ Nò  1¹  voí  4.5®                1984. <GdDDR, p. 255> 22 MAY (approø date© "Á montè lateò ¬  iî á                ratheò  unusuaì  departurå froí thå  pretenså  oæ                infallibility¬  thå  Sovieô Controì Commissioî  iî                Berliî (Generaì Chiukov© waó publiclù chargeä witè                responsibilitù  foò   withouô  Sovieô                consent.¢ <SFPAS™ p®  172¾ NOTEº  Ió thió true¿ Whï                waó   responsiblå   foò   approvinç    Grotewohl'ó                statements¿   Iî  á  perioä  durinç  whicè  Sovieô                leadershið waó admittedlù divided¬  ho÷ caî Dalliî                asserô  thaô "Soviet¢ consenô waó á  prerequisite¿                Whï  exactlù  doeó  hå meaî haä tï  givå  consent¿                Especiallù iæ Grotewohì waó considereä aî opponenô               thå blunderó committeä iî Easô                Germany®   Chiukoö  anä  Semionoö  haä  never¬  oæ                course¬  acteä oî theiò owî initiativå anä withouô                stricô  instructionó froí thå  Sovieô  government»                theiò  blunderó werå Stalin'ó blunders®  Sincå  iô                waó impossible¬ however¬ (thió waó stilì 1953)¬ tï                puô  anù  blamå oî thå defuncô  leader¬  Chiukov'ó                office was made the scapegoat.<SFPAS p. 172> 28  oæ Moscow-faithfuì Ulbricht¬  whù shoulä wå accepô                Dallin's assertion? JUN Iî   "firsô  twï  weekó  oæ  June¢   ZAISSEÒ   anä                HERRNSTADÔ workeä ouô á politicaì program¬ arguinç                thaô  partù  policieó haä beeî  "basicallù  wrong¢                calleä  foò  changå iî SEÄ anä economiã  policies¬                ne÷ leadershið undeò Herrnstadô (GS© Zaisseò (Min®                Interior© witè Grotewohì (presumably© aó  premier®                  {¹5츧^/Ól8ê¥ÚÚZu½»I–>Špô…?i»ôÀ®÷XWïzÍØc]"ìŽz©@âÔù©½Hfk²Éüo³ÉH±3[ó™ÁÉ·^cY{~8ê¥:¢…zô]¯{¬«…žV± ;s;ª=cbÔ›ÈÒV-‘Žz©Œ~ wýãžÿmöŒ ð‘ÙÝÚc]ÂsÁÊê‘bg6Žz©þýê±°ÿdkrÆ丞\—ÈGŠÙš};ëE#ÙcnŽz©@÷B|ÂzÖs ©òäŒ96çÛ)oÚÂõ¢÷;à©÷ÀæpÔK%·Ætì[Nó‹Ä){Æ`ómð|¨—*åù<´*%¼®7£º{ª=ªk ó‹Bu C˜ß$¦ÿ¿0ú ‹G½T§tîÙ¾­ÜSäúÕ/9î±ô ¿ö<ê¥Jy~6Dµ{ØvB÷´·™÷¨ð ëk0¨gÝsÁîŽz©äoA=¦­,ûzS¿â‹Œ ðÌÑßô¼^ýÇŽÚ–·ÃQ/Õ9Ç»ÞósÁ±¿õË‚§ÚóÆ­…žï<µ§é c*L[ùm’oã·LIᨗÊ0Ø<6•ýÿl>4åùkš}Šd«mЃ2yìAï6ï¯ïJÌ;ÿ<òÞ$PjÞ•1ﯯŠÛll¿óϱo9"¢ÆÜ$iî studyinç thå "pstchologicaì environment¢ oæ foreigî  policy-makers¬  iô ió probablù morå fruitfuì tï looë  aô specifiã situationó anä asë whù theså decisionó werå reacheä  anä theså  actionó  takeî ratheò thaî tï assumå thaô certaiî  factoró significantlù   influencå   Sovieô  behavioò  iî  alì   oò   mosô situations. History, Social Science and the Study of Soviet Foreign Policy Charles Gati Á  joinô  revie÷  oæ Ulam'ó ExpõR ðÄ~ Ü„çp|ZðvÏëe˜áºZí9âi${Æ„£^ªÝqÿx.Ø3& qˆÈŒ«ñ'œkY¢±Çº„ç‚=cÂQ/Õ˜:b˜½tv]/„l$NéÜ3›oƒçC½TWì·>ÔK•ò,a|jý$ô„io3y·,ÑØc]")vfk¾–·ÃQ/ÕÙz;®Ãÿ¿W‡g¾ YCé¿IØ›Fãÿg?ÔK•ò|ª®%2¨ÇO.‘ƒ}Y›Hëí¸^ˆ€°Þc] gæÛ˜÷U‡£^*յؘ’´Ä0Ø|“üÿì‡z©RžUhì>Ô³ž ö<Œ=PíÒNB÷¨ØWVí9í;Ÿ“£^ª„5nˆgš.›ïo’Üäw·¦˜ÊZòmÌ#ùP/UÊó)8œù6æ‘´Ä0Ø|I¾ÿ?û¡^ª”çó0G»3ßÆ<’–4]6[bl>nüÿlò¡)Ï_YšîSŠäƒàõ½Ibz·y}WbÞùç‘÷&Rcn’1ˆý¸ Ïáø´àí&ᨗêõ2Ì‚p]­ö‘ÙÝÚÉž1óÛØì1Ç!‡HxÆ„£^*޾Ƃv<[“s`°/k¹–%{¬KdÆÕ…UßÿÙÈíŸpÔKµ- dÏžõŒ ð(ÿ¡™z^ß›Z AÓ«€•8¥sÏansioî  anä  Coexistence‚  anä Triská  anä  Finley'ó  Sovieô Foreigî  Policy®  Pointó  ouô  thå differencå  betweeî thå traditionaì  historicaì  approach¬  whicè attemptó tï bå "discriminatinç anä judicious"¬ anä thå systematiã sociaì scientifiã approach¬  whicè attemptó tï bå "methodicaì anä systematic"®  Gaté noteó thå differenô modeó oæ analysió useä bù thå  historiaì  anä  thå  sociaì scientisô  iî  analysinç  Sovieô communicationó  abouô  foreigî policy¬  anä iî  analysinç  Sovieô ŠfProfessor Marshal D. Shulman Political Science G4882x Soviet Foreign Policy Reading Notes Erië  Hoffmaî  ¦ Fredericë Fleroî (eds.)¬  Thå Conducô oæ  Sovieô Foreign Policy, ( New York: Aldine-Atherton, pb 1980) Introduction and Part I, pp. 1-30 Sept 7, 1983 Five Problems in study of Soviet foriegn Policy: 1)primary source materials are relatively scarce 2)accessiblå documentó arå noô easilù interpreteä bù  eitheò expert or novice 3)Westerî  scholaró oregî policù actionó oò deeds® Thå historicaì approacè commentó "oî thå inputó anä outputó oæ Sovieô foreigî policy¬ stressinç thå probablå   causeó   anä  consequenceó  oæ   thå   mosô   dramatiã developmentó oæ each period® Giveî thå emphasió oî thaô whicè ió unique¬ therå ió nï attempô tï reacè sucè generalizeä conclusionó whicè  woulä  holä truå iî thå futurå aó well.¢  Sociaì  sciencå approaches¬  oî  thå  otheò  hand¬  "seeë  tï  offer¬  verifiablå propositions¬ primarilù abouô thå dhavå produceä relativelù fe÷  monographó and analytical essays in the field 4)thå  besô oæ theså essayó arå widelù scattereä  throughouô many scholarly journals 5)almosô  nonå  oæ thå literaturå ió closelù linkeä  tï  thå broader field of international relations. The Study of Soviet Foreign Policy Manù  "theories¢ havå beeî identifieä iî thå studù oæ Sovieô foreigî  policy¬  mosô  contenä  thaô onå  oò  morå  factoró  arå especiallù  importanô  determinantó oæ Sovieô behavecision-makinç procesó ¨ eveî iæ somå oæ theså propositionó arå gaineä froí nonrecurrinç data)¬ thaô  providå insightó mostlù abouô thå inputó oæ Sovieô  foreigî policyº  ho÷  incominç  informatioî ió selecteä anä  interpretes¬ goaló formulated¬ anä decisionó reached"® Ulam'ó judgements¬ "oî thå whole,...¬  arå baseä oî aî appreciatioî oæ thå relationshipó betweeî  Sovieô domestiã anä foreigî policies»  oî thå impacô  oæ thå  Russiaî  tradition»  oî  thå rolå oæ  leadinç  personalitieó (ratioò iî alì  oò mosô situations®  Theså differenô theorieó affecô noô onlù one'ó perceptioî oæ thå facts¬  buô alsï one'ó assumptionó abouô  whicè factó arå factoró (i.e®  relevanô variables)®  One'ó theoreticaì orientation¬   whetheò   consciouslù   oò   unconsciouslù   held¬ significanrtlù  affectó thå form¬  nature¬  anä qualitù oæ  one'ó explanations®  Giveî  thå  difficultieó  involveä iî  usinç  thå "motivå  belief¢  patterî  oæ explanatioî (aó  iî  thå  "rationaì policy¢ model© anä heò  thaî  oî thå largeò foreigî policù elite)»  anä  oî  thå convictioî thaô Sovieô behavioò abroaä caî besô bå understooä  iî termó  oæ poweò politics"®  Triská anä Finleù "seeë tï ascertaiî thå relativå importancå oæ factoró oò thå impacô oæ majoò  eventó iî  thå internationaì systeí oî thå formulatioî oæ Sovieô foreigî policy"® Theù "focuó oî thå permanenô anä repetitivå elementó iî Sovieô  behavior¬  [andÝ  arå faò morå concerneä  witè  verifyinç empiricaì  generalizationó  thaî witè an    Materî  anä  Honeckeò werå tï bå removeä froí  thå                Politb]ro. /\  05 JUN Thå  ne÷ Sovieô Higè Commissioneò arriveó iî Easô 1953           Berlin¬  wherå  preparationó  foò  aî  extravaganô  \/       celebratioî  oæ Walteò Ulbricht'ó  60tè  birthday¬                modeleä  afteò  thå Soieô celebratioî oæ  Stalin'ó                70tè  birthday¬  arå underway®  Semenoö sayó "We'ä                likå  tï adviså Comradå Ulbrichô tï celebratå  traffiã betweeî thå                zones¬  anä eveî á slowinç dowî oæ militarization®                Sentenceó  oæ  prisoneró werå tï bå  revieweä  anä                unjusô  verdictó  voided»  refugeeó froí thå  Wesô                werå inviteä tï return.<SFPAS™ p® 173-4> 12 JUN REFORMÓ ANNOUNCEÄ iî thå Sovieô zonå  press®  "Thå                announcemenô   produceä  confusioî  buô  alsï  thå                expectatioî   oæ  ne÷  developmentó  anä   liberaì                reforms."hió                sixtietè  birthdaù iî thå samå waù  ccmradå  Leniî                celebrateä  hió  fiftieth.¢ Whaô haä  Leniî  done¿                "Comradå  Leniî  inviteä á fe÷ guestó iî  foò  thå                evening.¢  Thå  birthdaù preparationó werå  calleä                off.                 Worse¬  Semenoö  "handeä  thå SED  leaderó  á                statemenô   prepareä  iî  thå  Kremliî  thaô   waó                translateä intï Germaî anä publisheä oî Junå 1± aó          <SFPAS p. 174>                 "Whilå  thå  Germaî Communistó werå  freå  tï                blamå  thå Sovieô side¬  thå Sovieô presó reporteä                onlù  mistakeó  "madå iî variouó  fields¢  bù  thå                "governmentaì anä administrativå agiencies¢ oæ thå                DDR" <SFPAS p. 172<Pravda June 12, 1953>> 13 JUN "...thå   officiaì   Sovieô   T{glichå   Rundschau™                stated..®  `Thå Politburï oæ thå Centraì committeå                oæ tå        á  Politb]rï resolutioî knowî aó thå  "Declaratioî                ooæ   thå   Ne÷   Course¢   whicè   broughô    thå                "Constructioî  oæ Socialisí iî thå DDR¢ tï á halt®                > 9  JUN SEÄ  announceó "Ne÷ Course¢ closeò linë  betweeî                party¬ statå anä pe               designs¬   recieveä   thå  leaderó  oæ  thå  loyaì                Liberal-Democratiã  Partù oæ thå zone.¢ <SFPAS™  p®                174> 16 JUN Strike and Protest by Building workers in Berlin                SHOWDOWΠ  iî   Politb]rï  betweeî  ULBRICHÔ   anä                HERRNSTADT-ZAISSEÒ opposition®  Ulbrichô supporteä                bù Honeckeò anä Matern¬ "majority¢ (ofæ thå recorä                remarë   bù   Honecker¢   favoreä   Zaisseò    anä                Hople¬ strengtheneä statå powers. Reverseä  thå  generaì campaigî  againsô  privatå                propertù  ordereä  bù Ulbrichô aô thå  seconä  SEä                Partù Conferencå iî Julù 1952® 11 JUN REFORMÓ  adopteä  bù  thå governmenô oæ  thå  DDR®                aî  amnesty¬  aî enä oæ thå antichurcè  drive¬  nï                 1945 14 MAY JCS 1067/6 issued. This policy directive, "which was to guide us for many months (except as modified by the Potsdam protocol)" was issued as JCS 1067/6 on April 26, amended May 10, approved by Pres. Truman and issued 14 May. It was "distributed to key personnel on May 21." Since the directive was classified top secret, the US control councihå uniquå impacô oæ ideologù  oî  Sovieô foreigî  plicù  iî Sovieô internationaì relationó iî thå  1960's¬ and much evedence poits in the opposite direction MORE TO COME Šanä policù prescriptionó foò transforminç thå reaì intï thå desireä - provideä thå keù tï thå seeminglù uniquelù purposivå characteò oæ Soviet behavior". Therå  ió  littlå  evidencå tï supporô  thå  arguementó  foò continueä  attentioî tï ttivå                agencieó  foò Germanù aó á wholå withiî thå  firsô                siø monthó anä struggleä withiî anä throughô  theí                foò  á  commoî economiã policy...®  Iô mighô  havå                beeî morå difficulô foò theså differeneceó  10 AUG Second session of ALLIED CONTROL COUNCIL                 Approveä      papeò     estabilishinç     itó                organisation®  (prepareä  bù  Clay'ó  stafæ  undeò                directioî oæ Lt®  Col®    leå demandinç /\            reductioî  oæ thå worë norms®  Semenoö  (whï  musô Š1953           havå  beeî  iî thå Politburï meeting© camå ouô  tï  \/            gatheò reports¬  theî returned¬  finallù  Ulbrichô                emergeó  anä  proclaimó  thaô thå worë  normó  arå                reduced®  Brunï Baum¬  Berliî districô  secretary¬                waó  tï  telì thå demonstratoró anä telì  theí  tï                disperse®  Bù thå timå Bauí anä Brandô returneä tï                Alexa     Kruglov¬    "Á   professionaì   policå   officer,¢                appointeä tï heaä thå MVÄ undeò strengtheneä Partù                controls. 24 JUL   15tè  Plenuí  oæ ZË SED®  Zaisseò  anä  Herrnstadô                publiclù  accuseä oæ havinç formeä aî  "anti-Partù                factioî  witè á defeatisô linå aimeä aô destroyinç                thå  Party'ó unity.¢                 NOTEº  Dalliî makeó nï referencå tï intra-SEÄ                conflicô iî hió discussioî oæ thå uprising® <SFPAS™                pp.171-179.> icht, p. 148>                 Ne÷   Courså  helä  tï  bå   correct®   Ulbrichô                confesseó errors¬  hå haä ignoreä thå principlå oæ            collective leadership. /\   JUL- SED PARTY PURGES expel large numbers 1953 OCT    Olä   communistó   (KPÄ   memberó   beforå   1933©  \/            especiallù harä hit®  Oî average¬  abouô onå thirä                oæ  thoså  expelled¬   punished¬   oò  demoteä  tï                candidatå  statuó  werå olä  communists.<Gd 17 JUN Berlin uprising; protests throughout GDR.                 "Bù thå nexô morning¬  Junå 17¬  thå workers§                uprisinç oæ Easô Berliî haä spreaä tï alì partó oæ                Easô Germany®  Durinç thå morning¬  Ulbrichô  lefô                Unitù  Houså  (probablù  iî  á  Sovieô  tank©  anä                withdre÷  tï  á  farí  belonginç  tï  thå  Centraì                Committeå inKienbaum¬  neaò á Sovieô airfiled®  Aô                noon¬  Sovieô  Generaì Dibrová DDR™  p®                250> Š 08 AUG Premieò  MALENKOÖ  announceä ne÷  economiã  courså                <SFPAS™ p®  187¾ Foò Sovieô presó accountó oæ trenä                towarä ne÷ courså iî E® Eur¬ seå Pravda™ Noö 6¬ Noö                11¬  Deã 7,8,12,2± anä 3° 1953® NOTEº Dalliî poitó                ouô  thaô  mosô countrieó anä leadershipó iî  thå                Socialisô  bloã  haä representativeó oæ  botè  thå                "ne÷  course§ anä thå "heavù  industry¢  factions¬ declareä á statå oæ                emergency®  Thå  occupatioî forceó  tooë  command¬ /\            establisheä  martiaì law¬  senô ouô tanë  patrols¬ 1953           anä  ordereä  thå troopó tï firå oî  demonstratoró  \/            whï refuseä tï disperse®  Militarù tribunaló  werå                seô  up¬  deatè  sentenceó  werå handeä  dowî  anä                carrieä ouô oî thå spot® Bù evening¬ thå revolô iî                Berliî haä beeî crushed® Ulbrichô returned." SEP REORGANIZATIOΠ  oæ  ARMEÄ  FORCEÓ   - Thå   Chieæ                Administrationó  oæ thå Barrackeä Peoples§ Police¬                Navaì  Policå anä Aiò Poliãe werå  integrateä  intï                onå  centraì  commanä withiî thå Ministrù  oæ  thå                Interior¬      calleä      Ministrù     oæ     thå                Interior/Barrackeä   Peoples§   Police‚    Ulbricht, pp. 145-146>                "...thå  BPÐ diä noô fulfilì itó taskó aó  á  SED-                Partù force".® á "seconä biç purgå waó starteä anä                1200°    meî   oæ   alì   rankó   werå   dismisseä                as"unreliablå  elements"®  Supervisioî  bù  Sovieô                "advisors" was temporarily increased."<EGA p. 26> 09 JUL Beriá   strippeä  oæ  alì   responsibilitieó   anä                arresteä aó "aî enemù oæ thå Partù anä thå State.¢           (MI/BPP)®                Territoriaì  Administrationó  300° anä  500°  werå                dissolved®  Armù Grouð Soutè (Leipzig© waó seô  uð                withiî thå TÁ 6000¬ witè threå divisionó (Dresden¬                Halle¬  Erfurt© anä onå divisioî aó counter-attacë                reserve of the MI/BPP in Potsdam.<EGA p. 26> DEC Beriá arrested¬ executed® "...waó thå beginninç oæ                aî  extensivå  purgå  oæ thå  Sovieô  policå  thaô                lasteä  intï 1   Roberô Bowie© Headeä bù Co-                ordinatinç Committeå (composeä oæ fouò  dep®  mil®                governors©  witè  poweró includinç supervisioî  oæ                Allieä  Secretariat¬  Liasoî anä Protocoì  Sectioî                (woulä  servå foreigî missionó accrediteä  tï  thå                Council)¬  Administrativå Bureau¬  directorateó oæ                government¬  anä Berliî Kommandatura® Directorateó                incl.º  Military¬  Naval¬ Aiò (tï bå combineä intï        î  alì  thå   maiî                questions¬  includinç demilitarization¬  politicaì                structurå  oæ Germany¬  reparationó  anä  economiã                unity®  Iô  waó necessarù tï havå patiencå anä noô                become pessimisstic.                 É  sincerelù hopå thaô thå  Generalissimï  ió                correcô  iî  thå  vie÷ hå expresseä  anä  thaô  iô                implieó  á  greateò spiriô oæ cooperatioî  bù  thå                Sovieô  Delegatioî iî futurå co        Combineä Serviceó dir®  later)¬ Transport¬ Politi                cal¬  Economic¬  Finance¬  Reparations¬ Deliverieó                anä Restitutions¬  Internaì Affairó anä Communica                tions¬  Legal¬ Prisoneró oæ Waò anä Displaceä per                sons¬  Manpower¬  anä Germaî Externaì property® UÓ                delegatioî suggesteä thaô fivå oæ these¬  (Trans.¬                Econ.¬ Fin.¬ Int® Aff® ¦ Comm.¬ anä Legal© werå tï                establisè Germaî administrativånferences®  Buô  wå                cannoô  ignorå  thå factoò oæ timå involveä  here®                Thå  recoverù oæ Europå haó beeî faò  sloweò  thaî                haä beeî                 Germanù  (e©  Peacå  Treatù  procedures®   UÓ                regardó iô aó "imperativå thaô alì thå stateó  whï                werå aô waò witè Germanù shoulä havå somå voicå iî                thå   settlemenô  imposeä  oî  Germany.¢   Sovietó                disagreå  witè  ideá  thaô thoså whï  suffereä  nï                losseó shoulä bå includeä witè thoså whï borå  thå                main brunt of the fighting.<224>                 "However¬  des meeô theså pressinç problemó musô bå takeî withouô                delay..."<226-227> 12 MAR TRUMAN DOCTRINE proclaimed.                 "Eó  seé daraî erinnert¬  daþ aí 12®  M{rú  deó                gleicheî Jahreó USA-Pr{sidenô Trumaî seinå Doktriî                verk}ndete¬  dereî Hauptinhalô deò Antikommunismuó                aì Prinzið deò imperialistischeî Au~enpolitië  deò                USA war." 26 MAR Formeò  Presidenô  HOOVEÒ  - speakó  oî   Germpitå thå disagreementó referreä                tï  anä  thå  difficultieó  encountered¬  possiblù                greateò progresó towardó finaì settlemenô waó madå                than is realized.                 ...                 "Iî  thió  connection¬  É thinë iô propeò  tï                refeò  tï á portioî oæ á statemenô madå tï  må  bù                Generalissimï  Stalin®  Hå saiä witè referencå  tï                thå  Conference¬  thaô  theså werå onlù thå  firsô            any¬                "similaò  lineó"  tï  Byrneó  calì  foò  unitù  anä                increased authority. <GQ                p. 25> 7 MAY firsô  oæ threå closeä meetingó oæ memberó oæ  thå                Institutå  oæ  Economicó oæ thå Sovieô Academù  oæ                Scienceó anä oæ thå Facultù oæ Economicó oæ Mosco÷                Universitù  (otheró oî 1´ anä 2± May©  Chaireä  bù                K.V®  Ostrovitianov¬  theså werå thå foruí foò thå                VARGA-VOZNESENS    skirmisheó anä brusheó oæ reconnaissancå forceó oî                thió  question®  Differenceó haä occurreä  iî  thå                pasô  oî  otheò questions¬  anä aó á  rule¬  afteò                peoplå haä exhausteä themselveó iî  dispute¬  theù                theî  recognizeä thå necessitù oæ  compromise®  Iô                waó  possiblå  thaô  nï  greaô  succesó  woulä  bå                acheiveä  aô  thió session¬  buô hå  thoughô  thaô                compromiseó   werå   possiblå  oKII "Debates." 08 MAY Undeò  Secretarù oæ Statå ACHESOÎ calló foò Germaî                unity®  <GQ™ p®  25¾ Thereafter¬  Generaì Claù  waó                directeä   tï  develoð  Germaî  authoritù  iî  thå                L{nder¬  limiô  thå dismantlinç operationó iî  thå                waò industry¬  raiså thå generaì livinç  standard¬                anä   increaså   economiã  independencå   (withouô                subsidies).                 Germanù 1947-49¬  thå storù iî Docume   955-56®  Thå poweró oæ thå  revampeä                apparaô  oæ terrorisí werå curtalied¬  anä onlù  á                fe÷ ne÷ trials¬  mosô oæ theí involvinç personó oæ                lesseò  importance¬  werå  takinç  place®  Iî  thå                deluge¬  however¬  thå stronç reinó oæ thå  Svoieô                MG  (no÷ KGB© guidinç thå satellitå agencieó werå                loosened»  iî somå politicaì caseó Sovieô guidancå                was now lacking." <SFPASy p. 183> END haô thå worë  normó  arå                reduced®  Brunï Baum¬  Berliî districô  secretary¬                waó  tï  telì thå ng© camå ouô  tï  \/            gatheò reports¬  theî returned¬  finallù  Ulbrichô                emergeó  anä  proclaimó  temandinç /\            reductioî  oæ thå worë norms®  Semenoö  (whï  musô 1953           havå  beeî  iî thå Politburï meeti                Herrnstadô  emergeä anä werå tolä thaô  protestinç                workeró werå marchinç oî thå Stalinalleå d Supremå  Commanä oæ thå BPÐ (MI/BPP© haä morå thaî                seven divisions at its disposal.<EGA p. 26> <1953____________________________________________________________ 1954>   deluge¬  however¬  thå stronç reinó oæ thå  Svoieô                MG  (no÷ KGB© guidinç thå satellitå agencieó werå                loosened»  iî somå politicaì caseó Sovieô guidancå                was now lacking." <SFPASy p. 183> END     bå  takeî froí Germanù iî thå forí oæ  commoditieó                withiî  á  perioä oæ  twï  years®  Thå  reparatioî   arationó   (externaì  assets¬   gold¬   ships¬                factorù equiptmenô anä currenô production© werå tï            tandardó   oæ  livinç  oæ   Europeaî   countries¬                excluding Great Britain and the U.S.S.R.                "Rep¬  stipulatioî  oæ thå livinç standarä iî                Germanù whicè waó noô tï exceeä thå averagå oæ thå                sny. GSFG cmdr. (until Dec. 1980) <1972____________________________________________________________ <1973> <1974>____________________________________________________________ 1975> 7 OCT Treatù oæ Friendship¬ Cooperatioî anä Mutuaì Assistancå btwî                GDR and USSR <1975_____________________________________________________________ 1976> 25 NOV GRIBKOV, A.I. appointed WTO Chief of Staff DEC YAKUBOVSKIY, I.I. removed from WTO CinC post <1976 _________________izatioî  oæ  largå   enterprises¬                Allieä  controì  oveò  Germaî  assetó  iî  forienç                countrieseä oî thå developmenô  oæ                agriculturå  anä  oæ peacå ndustrieó foò  consumeò                goods¬   decartelthå perioä oæ thå                occupationº  Allieä controì oæ thå Germaî economy¬                maiî  emphasió tï bå placf 1945.  \/            "2® Economiã principles® Germanù waó tï bå treateä                aó á singlå economiã uniô durinç ____________________________________________ 1977> JAN KULIKOV, V.G. appointed WTO CinC <1977 _____________________________________________________________ <1978> <1979> <1980> <1981> <1982> <1983> <1984> <1985>twî                GDR and USSR <1975_____________________________________________________________ 1976> 25 NOV GRIBKOV, A.I. appointed WTO Chief of Staff DEC YAKUBOVSKIY, I.I. removed from WTO CinC post <1976 _________________ivå  /\            units®  Thió  latteò resolutioî waó tableä aó  thå 1945           result of a French veto in the Autumn o             centraì  Germaî governmenô waó tï  bå  establisheä                savå foò importnaô importanô Germaî administrat     politicaì  parties¬  freedoí  oæ  speech¬  oæ  thå                press¬  anä oæ religion)®  Foò thå timå being¬  nï   ocratiã   basió  (educationaì  system,judiciarù                system¬    self-government¬    authorizatioî    oæ                 authoritieó haä forbiddeî it®  17 JUN Berlin uprising; protests thrhmidt¬ haä moveä againsô thå crowä anä wanteä tï                arresô  thå ringleaders¬  buô thå Sovieô  militarù          latz¬   thå   crowä  haä  growî   beyonä                control®  Thå  Berliî  Chieæ  oæ  Policå  Waldemaò                Scdemonstratoró anä telì  theí  tï                disperse®  Bù thå timå Bauí anä Brandô returneä tï                Alexanderpioî oæ thå National-Socialisô Party...»                restructurinç  oæ  Germaî  politicaì  lifå  oî  á                demlimination¬ oò supervision¬ oæ thå                entirå   Germaî  industrù  foò   waò   production»                prohibitouô  Germany®   Thå   completå                disarmamenô anä demilitarizatioî oæ Germany.                ¾ Ra'anaîið ió rooteä noô onlù iî ouò shareä politicaì anä ideologicaì convictionó anä ouò manù yearó oæ  worë togetheò   iî  thå  youtè  federation¬   buô  aloó  tï  hió  opeî companionable nature." (p.122) Met Hermann Axen "at the Beggining of August 1945" p.130 SMAÄ ordeò No®  ² 1° Junå 1945¬  permittinç thå activitù oæ anti- fascisô democratiã partieó anä freå tradå unions®  Firsô partù tï presenô  itselæ  publiclù waó KPÄ witè publiã manifestï  1±  Junå 1945®  Honecker¬  p.123®  Notå  thaô th                identifieó thió witè Varga'ó approach¬  aó opposeä                tï thå pro-Araâ linå witè identifieä thå British¬                Zhdanov¬ Tito¬ and Voznesenskié. 4 Jun SMAD order #138 estabalishes German Economic                Commissioî (DWK©; becomeó supremå econ® administra                tioî  iî  Sovieô  zonå oî 1´  June®  Firsô  Germaî                centraì administration in SBZ.<GdDDR p. 156-57>                Emphsizeä  facô thaô differenceó oæ  å KPÄ haä beeî  activelù preparing for the resumption of legal operation beforå thå  SMAÄ  order.  Thå Berliî citù Headquarteró oæ thå  Reä  Armù serveä  aó  á meeting-placå foò Germaî communistó  iî  thå  firsô weeks after liberation. (p. 120) 2¶  Februarù 194¶ - thå creatioî oæ thå Freå Germaî  Youtè  (FDJ© required a petition to the SMAD for permission. (p. 127) 7 March 1946, SMAD approval received. Speaks of the support by the SMAD for FDJ work (p. 129) "Wå  receiveä  importanô  adopinioî  con                cerninç  uniforí policù werå becominç  unsurmount                able® <GQ™ p® 2µ witè wronç date¬ 0´ July¾ 05 JUN MARSHALL PLAN announced. 06 JUN- ALL-GERMAN MINISTER-PRESIDENT CONFERENCE 07 JUN    Helä Iî Munich¬  onlù sucè conferencå tï takå Š               place®   Unsuccessfuì  attempô  tï  holä   Germanù 1947           together??                 "Diå   Einberufunç  deò  M}ncheneò  Konferenú                konntå  - wenî maî siå auvicå oî ouò youtè worë  froí  leadinç memberó oæ thå SMAD¢ (pp.132-33© Marshaló G.K.Zhukoö anä Col.Gen® V.I®  Chiukoö  "alwayó haä á readù eaò foò thå problemó oæ  youtè anä  helpeä whereveò theù could.¢ Honeckeò "workeä  closelù  witè Coloneì  S.I®  Tulpanov¬  theî chieæ oæ thå SMAD'ó departmenô  oæ information..." p. 133 H®  speakó  oæ  "anti-communisô anä anti-Sovieô prejudice¢  whicè "manù  á  younç persoî goô riä of¢ througè  contacô  witè  Sovieô Communistó  anä komsomoló iî uniform® Iî hió autobiography¬  Ericè Honeckeò writeó oæ thå "tearó oæ joù witè  whicè  wå  greeteä  thå  Reä  Armù  meî  whï  haä  comå  aó liberators¬ clasó brotheró anä friends¬ aó pioneeró foò á ne÷ anä better future for mankind." From my Life, p. 117 Honeckeò  explicitlù  denieó thå claimó bù "bourgeoió  historianó anä publicists¢ thaô thå effortó bù thå KPÄ tï forí á  "broad- baseä  allinacå  witè alì anti-fascisô forces¢ werå  intendeä  tï "securå  á majoritù iî furturå clasó struggleó anä ele Apparently¬  manù  otheró retained this prejudice. (p. 133) Thå  masó  oæ  thå younç populatioî "remaineä oî  thå  sidelines¬ Šadopting a wait-and-see attitude." (p.133) "Whilå  thå  SMAÄ  anä  thå officeró oæ thå  Reä  Armù  whï  werå responsiblå  foò  thå  youtè worë  iî  thå  provinces¬  supporteä everythinç  thaô helpeä tï includå thå younç genereatioî  iî  thå procesó  oæ  democratiã development¬  thå American¬  Britisè  anä Frencè  militarù authoritieó sooî begaî tï  obstrucô  antif    later.<GQ, p. 20>                ALLIEÄ CONTROÌ COUNCIL¬  composeä oæ thå fouò  su  /\            premå  commanderó  oæ  thå  U.S.¬  Greaô  Britain¬ 1945           France¬  anä  thå U.S.S.R¬  instituteä aó  supremå  \/            authoritù iî Germany®  "Eacè commandeò waó tï makå                thå  decisionó  foò hió owî zonå oæ occupatioî  oî                thå  basió  oæ  instructionó  receiveä  froí   hió                government®  Iî `alì matteró concerninç Germanù aó                avå                requireä  thå Sovieô Governmenô tï placå  Japaneså                citizenó  iî Russiá undeò arrest.¢  Althougè  thió                waó deleteä oî Clay'ó authority¬  iô waó noô untiì                µ p.m® thaô thå Westerî representativeó werå taknå                tï Zhukov'ó HÑ foò thå signing®  Eisenhoweò madå á                poinô oæ leavinç thå banqueô followinç thå signigî                aô siø o'clock¬  aó scheduled®  V.S®  Semeonoö waó                thå  Sovieô repá  whole§ thå decisionó werå tï bå madå iî  commoî                anä  haä  tï  bå unanimouó (Arô  1®  anä  2)®  Thå                regulationó  werå  tï bå valiä foò thå  perioä  oæ                occupatioî  followinç  Germaî  surrenderº  speciaì                agreementó  werå  tï bå drawî uð  foò  thå  perioä                following the occupation (Art. 8)<GQ p. 20>                OCCUPATION ZONES ESTABLISHED Š               Sovieô Zoneº  "remnanô Pomeraniá witè Mecklenburg¬             resentativå aô thió signing®  11 JUN KPD refounded; KPD proclamation. "...bù  Junå 13¬  1945¬  onå montè afteò  thå                war'ó  end¬  thå KPÄ haä reappeareä oî thå  Germaî                scenå  equippeä  witè á seô  leadership¬  á  closå Š               relatioî  tï  thå  locaì  occupyinç  authority¬  á                newspapeò (thå thi           Frencè  Zoneº  Rhineland-Palatinatå  (formeä  froí                formeò Bavariaî Palatinatå anä thå southerî  Rhinå                province)¬  Badeî  (froí soutè Baden)¬  anä  Soutè                W]rttemburg-Hohenzollerî       (froí      southerî                W]rttenburg).<GQ p. 20-21>                 Generaì  Claù sayó thaô thå signinç waó sche                duleä foò noon¬ buô thå Sovietó delayed¬ firsô duå                tï  á  "clauså iî thå agreemenô whicè  woulä  hrä tï appeaò iî Berliî sincå thå                enä  oæ thå fightinç anä thå firsô  partù  organ)¬                anä  á  carefullù thoughô ouô program®  Iô  waó  á                prograí  designeä  tï appeaì tï á broaä stratá  oæ                society¬   specificallù  includinç   "progressive¢                bourgeoió groups¬  thå peasantry¬ anä thå "people¢                aô  large¬  aó  welì aó thå  proletariat»  iî  thå                circumstanceó oæ 1945¬ thå groupó appealeä tï werå     ascisô activity in every possible way. " p. 136 Arrangementó  foò  á delegatioî oæ Germaî youtè tï  visiô  Mosco÷ requireä  approvaì  oæ  Honecker'ó requesô bù thå SMAÄ  (1´  Julù 1947© p®  153® Aô thå time¬ Honeckeò complaineä thaô "anti-Sovieô propaganda¢  waó  "beinç intensivelù spreaä  amongsô  thå  Germaî youth." (p. 153) "Oî  orderó froí thå governmenô oæ tå USSÒ thå chieæ oæ thå SMAD¬ Generaì V.I® Chiukov¬ handeä oveò thå administrativå functionó sï faò exercizeä bù thå Sovieô Mù oæ Friendship¬  Cooperatioî adî Mutuaì  Assistancå iî Maù 195µ waó á historicallù importanô act.¢ ..®  Iô  "gavå thå GDR¬  onå oæ thå co-founderó oæ thió  defenså pact¬  morå security"® ..® "Aô thå samå timå itó obligationó gre÷ tï  makå  á  greateò contributioî tï thå militarù  protectioî  oæ socialisí sidå bù sidå witè thå Sovieô Unioî anä thå otheò membeò stateó oæ thå Warsa÷ Treaty.¢ Honeckeò wenô oî á "studù trip¢ tï Moscow iî latå August¬ 1955¬ returneä  tï Berliî iî Julù 195¶ "enilitarù Administratioî tï thå organó oæ  thå  GDÒ  state®  Iî  doinç thió  thå  CPSÕ  anä  thå  Sovieô governmenô  continueä  theiò internatinalisô policù  towardó  thå German people. (p. 171) "We¬ thå Communists¬ haä neveò beeî thå oneó whï preferreä tï seå thå  worlä  armeä ô thå teetè anä mankinä iî á statå oæ  constanô anxietù aô thå dangeò oæ war¬  anä wå neveò shalì be® Onå oæ ouò communisô idealó ió peacå foò thå benefiô oæ alì nations® Buô wå arå  noô pacifistó either»  wå kno÷ tricheä witè  ne÷  impressionó and insights." HUNGARÙ  1956º  "Thå  newó  abouô thå horroró  committeä  bù  thå reactionaries¬ thå bestiaì murdeò oæ Hungariaî comradeó anä clasó brotheró filleä me¬  whï haä experienceä thå crueltieó oæ fascisí aô firsô hand¬ witè bitternesó anä disgust® Thió madå uó welcomå alì  thå  morå  thå formatioî oæ  á  revolutionarù  workers§  anä peasants§ governmenô undeò Janoó kadar® Iô gathereä togetheò alì progressivå  forces¬  defendeä witè thå helð oæ Sovieôhå essencå anä thå  lawó  oæ clasó  struggle®  Theù signifù thaô peacå caî onlù bå achieveä bù thå  utmosô  exertionó againsô thå embittereä resistancå  oæ  thå forces hostile to it." p. 189 Politburï  oæ  thå SEÄ ¬  Marcè 194¹ declareó "Iî  thå  evenô  oæ aggression¬  thå  Germaî  peoplå  musô fighô thå  aggressoró  anä support the Soviet Army in its efforts to bring about peace." Thå  FDÊ  contributeä tï thå armeä defenså oæ tè GDÒ  bù  winninç younç  peoplå  tï  dï voluntarù servicå iî troopó thå socialisô  achievementó iî hungarù anä leä thå  Hungariaî  peoplå back on the path of socialist development." p. 198 Humboldt University demonstration : p. 199 30th ZK meeting, expulsion of Schirdewan & Wollweber : p. 199 Autumî 195¶ :HOneckeò becomeó secretarù oæ securitù commissioî oæ ZK®  p.20³  A.A®  Grechkï  commandeä Grouð oæ Sovieô  forceó  iî Germany 1953-1957 1¸   Januarù  195¶  Volkskammeò  passeó  la÷  creatinç   Nationaì Volksarmeå (NVA)¬  anä thå Ministrù oæ N  thå  "People'ó  Policå stand-bù units,¢ ¨ becamå thå KVÐ iî 1952© iî thå bordeò  police¬ thå  transproô  policå oò iî thå Ministrù oæ Statå  Security®  Nï conscription in the GDR until January 1962. (p. 190) Pacifisô  viewó werå "stilì widelù held¢ iî thå earlù perioä  (p® 190) FDÊ  had to organize "broad-baseä agitatioî anä propaganda¢ tï  explaiî thå  rolå  anä importancå oæ thå Germaî People'ó Policå  foò  thå armed defense of our republic." (1952) p. 191 NOTE: NO mention of "Staliationaì Defense® Honeckeò "supporteä thå build-uð oæ ouò Nationaì Peoples§ Armù aó stronglù aó  possible®  "...thå sociaì conditionó iî thå GDÒ botè requireä anä  madå iô possiblå tï builä nationaì armeä forceó anä tï  makå thió  á  causå  forô thå wholå workinç  clasó  anä  thå  broadesô sectionó oæ thå workinç people®  Thå objectivå unitù betweeî thå woekinç class¬  thå peoplå anä thå armeä forceó haä tï bå useä aó naî  inexhaustiblå sourcå oæ strengtè foò thå militarù protectioî oæ ouò rn note" or of Stalin's death 1· June¬  195³ (pp.191-192© "Thå enemieó oæ socialisí madå uså oæ thå   discontenô  amonç  workinç  peoplå  tï  starô  á   counter- revolutionarù  couð whicè haä lonç beeî prepareä anä directeä  bù imperialist secret services and agents' networks." Š"Thå armeä serviceó oæ thå GDÒ steppeä iî sidå bù sidå witè unitó oæ thå Sovieô forceó stationeä iî thå GDR®  Thió waó decisivå foò the quick collapse of the attempted coup." (p. 192) "Thå signinç oæ thå Warsa÷ Treatepublic® Iô waó iî linå witè thå internationaì naturå oæ thå workinç clasó anä thå emergencå oæ thå socialisô communitù oæ stateó  thaô wå considereä thå militarù defencå oæ  socialisí  iî thå  GDÒ  aó á collectivå internatioonalisô tasë righô  froí  thå outset®  Iô  coulä  onlù bå accomplisheä iî closesô  cooperatioî witè thå USSÒ anä itó militarù mighô anä witè thå otheò socialisô brother states in arms." p. 204. Details on NVA p. 204-205 ¢  Thå Nationaì People'ó Armù gre÷ uð aó aî arm                 iî  practicå  alì  thoså witè  thå  potentiaì  foò                influencinç Germaî life®  Aô thå pricå oæ subduinç                itó  previouó characteò (anä oæ dealinç witè  somå                rank-and-filå resentmenô anä confusion)¬ iô boldlù                claimeä foò itselæ thå leadershið oæ thoså forces®                Oî  thå narroweò planå oæ partù activity¬  thå KPÄ                seô ouô tï avoiä tè perioló oæ direcô  competitioî                througè itó proposeä Bsuå waó re                cognizeä  buô  É  diä noô  wanô  aî  agreemenô  iî                writinç  whicè establisheä anythinç lesó thaô  thå                righô  oæ unrestricteä access®  Wå werå sincerå iî                ouò desirå tï movå intï Berliî foò thå purposå  oæ                establishinç  quadripartitå government¬  whicè  wå                hopeä woulä develoð betteò understandinç anä solvå                manù  problems.¢ JUN- thå   GERMAΠ  PEOPLES§  POLICÅ   "Diå   `Deutschå        JUL     Volkspolizei§  wurdå iî deî Monateî Juni/Julé  194µ                voî  deò sowjetischeî  Besatzungsmachô  gegr}ndet®                Ihrå   personellå   Zusammensetzunç   sowiå   ihrå             isè trooð comman                deò  foò  theiò Berliî garrison.¢ Zhukoö  waó  un                willinç  tï  meeô witè Frencè untiì Frencè  Sectoò                haä  beeî determined®  Zhukoö waó  accompanieä  bù                "hió   deputy¬   Generaì   oæ  thå  Armù   Vassilù                Sokolovsky¬  anä  hió  politicaì  advisor¬  Arkadù                Sobelev)                 troopó  strengtè  approx®  25,00° eacè  foò  fouò                sectors®  four-daù  withdrawaì peri   politishcå    Ausrichtunç   waò   voî   vornhereiî                eindeutiç kommunistisch® Sowirä iî diå Zeitunç Deò                K{mpfer™ Nò 7/1960¬  anl{~licè deó 15®  Jahrestageó                deò Gr}ndunç deò ~Volkspolizei§ ausgef}hrt¬ daþ eó                `bew{hrtå antifaschistischå Kr{fte§ `unteò F}hrunç                deò   Arbeiterklasse'„  geweseî  seien¬   diå   diå                Ordnungspolizei aufgebaut h{tten." 1-3 July Americaî  anä  Britisè forceó loä argreeä  foò                Westerî  troopó  beginninç Julù 1¬  UÓ  troopó  tï                enteò Berliî Julù 4® Reconnaisencå teamó permitteä                immediatå accesó tï areaó tï bå  evacuated®  04 JULY UÓ  troopó  ("Leadinç elementó oæ thå  2ä  Armoreä                Division"© arrivå iî Berliî anä paradå iî honoò oæ                nationaì  holiday®   <DecG™  p®   27¾  Gen®   Parkó                ó deò Sichô deò  sp{tereî                Politië  betrachtet¬   diå  voî  deî  b}rgerlicheî                Parteieî   iî  deî  Westzoneî  verfolgô  wurdå   -                objektiö  nichô zõ eineí Meilensteiî auæ deí  Wegå                zuí  Zusammenschluþ  deò  uí  Einheiô  deó  Landeó                ringendeî Kr{ftå deó deutscheî Volkeó werden»  Ihò                scheiterî waò schoî damaló daó Signaì  daf}r¬  daó                diå     fortschrittlicheî    patriotischeî     unä         75ff. 14 JUN Deutschå  Wirtschaftkommissioî (DWK© beginó  work®                Heinricè RAÕ (1899-1961© ió nameä leader® RAÕ infï                iî GdDDR™ p®  157® Thå DWË ió seeî aó á steð towarä                democratiã  centralism¬  alsï aó aî instrumenô foò                increasinç thå poweò oæ thå SEÄ anä á furtheò steð /\            toward the division of Germany. <GdDDR p. 158> 1947 25 JUN BIZONAÌ    ECONOMIà  COUNCIÌ    establisheä    iî  \/            Frankfurt(M©         nationalgesinnteî  Kr{ftå ihrå Kampfformeî  {nderî                mu~ten¬  uí  diå  endg}ltigå Spaltunç  deó  Landeó                abzuwendeî  unä  unteò deî neueî  Bedingungeî  deî                Kampæ   uí  diå  politischå  unä   wirtschaftlichå                Einheit Deutschlands weiterzuf}hren."                 "Diå  Konferenú deò Ministerpr{sidenten¬  diå                nacè  deî  Vorstellungeî deò  L{nderchefó  iî  deî                Westzoneî  sicè angeblicè nuòbù thå Landtagå oæ  "Bizonia"®  Top-                leveì bodù foò coordinatioî oæ economù iî  Britisè                anä Americaî zones¬ alsï calleä thå FIRSÔ ECONOMIà                COUNCIL® <GQ™ p® 25> MID SMAÄ Ordeò #015µ (neveò madå public© calló foò thå Š               establishmenô  oæ  speciaì  "bordeò  units.¢  Thió                Ordeò waó á violatioî oæ thå Potsdaí Agreemenô anä                oæ Controì Counciì directivå No®  23®  <MSBZ™ p® 2·                 09 AUG Landtagå   iî   Britisè  anä  UÓ   zoneó   appoinô                ADMINISTRATIOΠ foò thå UNITEÄ ECONOMIà TERRITORÙ                in Bizonia.<GQ p. 25>         SEP NOTEº  MILITARÙ  - DGР haä 400°  meî  armeä  witè                carbineó  98ë  anä  pistoló oæ thå  formeò  Germaî                Wehrmacht. <E    diå    Gesamtentwicklunç   iî   deò   sowjetischeî                Besatzungszone zu verst{rken."<ndK p. 300>                 EA 1948 pp. 1145ff.                 Staritz, Die Gr]ndung, p. 145.                 Weber, GdDDR, pp. 148ff.                 Gr]newald¬     Wilhelm¬     Diå    M]ncheneò                 Ministerpr{sidentenkonferenú   1947®   Anlaþ   unä                Scheiterî   eineó  gesamtdeutscheî  Unternehmens.                Meisenheim am Glan 1971. SEP UΠ Speciaì Committeå oî Palestinå Majoritù reporô                recommendó  separtå Jewisè state¬  Czechó  supporô                it¬  Yugoslavó heatedlù condemî it¬  takå pro-Araâ                stanä  similaò tï thaô oæ  Grt®  Britain®  Ra'anaî                seeó   thió  aó  furhteò  evidencå  oæ  spliô   iî                socialisô bloã oveò anti-Americaî vó  anti-Britisè                lines. 15 SEP Bol'shevik™  articlå bù I.Gladkoö publisheó  ecommended by Tulpanov>                 Krautkr{mer¬    Elmar®   "Deò   innerdeutschå                Konflikô  uí diå  Ministerpr{sidentenkonferenú  iî                M]ncheî      1947.¢     Vierteljahresheftå     f]ò                Zeitgeschichte 20(1972), pp. 154 ff.                 Steininger,Rolf®    "Zuò    Geschichtå    deò                M]ncheneò    Ministerpr{sidentenkonferenú    1947®                Vierteljahresheftå  f]ò Zeitgeschichtå 2³  (1975)¬                pp. 3reporô                oæ  threå  Maù meetings¬  condemnó  VARGA'ó  book®                <IPF71-72> 20 SEP- II PARTEITAG DER SED 24 SEP    Protokolì    deò   Verhandlungeî   deó    II®                Parteitages der SED, 20.-24. 9. 1947 Berlin, 1947.                1111 Delegates, incl. 271 west Germans                "Strugglå foò thå Unitù oæ Germany¢ waó proclaimeä                thå party'ó maiî goal¬ á Populaò referenduí oî thå                formatioî  oæ  á  unifie      instructó  Coloneì Howleù tï takå oveò iî  thå  UÓ                sectoò  "buô don'ô geô iî toï mucè trouble.¢ <DecG™                31> 05 JUL Howleù installó Verwaltungsbezirë commanderó  intï                officeó   "requisitioneä  oî  thå  spot¢  iî  eacè                borough¬  raiseä thå UÓ flaç anä tolä thå  Germanó                thaô  "hencefortè theù woulä recievå theiò  orderó                froí   thå   Americaî   representatives®    Sovieô                representatrí á Kommandatura¬ composeä oæ                fouò  Berliî  commandantó witè rotatinç  chairman                ship¬  tï  servå aó toð Allieä governinç bodù  foò                thå city®  "Wå suggesteä thaô thå Kommandaturá  bå                instructeä  tï  meeô immediatelù tï  organizå  thå                severaì  departmentó necessarù tï goverî thå  citù                anä  thaô  eacè oæ theså  departmentó  - includinç                utilities¬  publiã safety¬ fooä distribution¬ pub      ives¬  whï riså latå iî thå day¬ rusheä                tï  protest¬  buô  aó usuaì thå faiô accomplé  waó                accepteä  anä wå haä learneä ouò firsô  lessoî  iî                ho÷ tï obtaiî Russiaî consent.¢<DecG p.31> 7 JUL  Seconä  meetinç  oæ  Westerî  militarù  governmenô                representativeó  witè  Marshaì Zhukoö  iî  Berlin®                "...devoteä mainlù tï á continuationoæ thå discus                sioî  concerninç  thå supplù oæ fooä anä fueì  foò             liã  healtè  anä welfare¬  anä sucè otheró aó  ap                peareä  necessarù - bå superviseä bù á  quadrapar                titå  committeå  oæ  expertó  reponsiblå  tï   thå                Kommandatura®  Transportatioî  anä movemenô withiî                thå citù werå tï bå unrestricteä betweeî thå  sec                tors® Zhukoö waó fullù iî accorä witè mù proposaló                buô   hå   wanteä  theí  embodieä  iî  á   writteî                document..® ¢              thå  citù anä thå establishmenô oæ thå  quadripar                titå  governmenô oæ Berlin.¢ Zhukoö insisteä  thaô                fooä  anä fueì foò thå westerî sectoò bå  supplieä                bù thå Westerî Powers¬  claiminç thaô easterî Ger                manù  anä thå USSÒ suffereä froí á fooä  shortage¬                anä coulä noô feeä thå westerî sector.       10 JUL Thirä meetinç witè Zhukov®  Thå establishmenô  oæ                thå  Kommandaturá  confirmed¬  papeò  prepareä  bù                Zhukoö   approved®   Papeò  prepareä  bù  Claù  oî                establishmenô oæ Allieä Controì Counciì noô  giveî                formaì approval¬  duå tï Zhukov'ó neeä tï refeò iô                to his govenment.                 NOTEº  Zhukoö doeó noô appeaò tï havå haä thå        ctoró oæ Berliî anä  witè Š               thå understandinç thaô thå Controì Counciì wheî iô                waó  establisheä woulä arrangå foò thå  exchangeoæ                fooä  betweeî alì zoneó oæ occupatioî tï  equalizå                thå  ratioî  throughouô Germany¬  É  accepteä  thå                responsibilitù  foò bringinç iî thå fooä necessarù                tï supporô thå populatioî iî thå Americaî sector.¢                                 Coaì  waó  tï bå supplieä froí Ruh        samå  degreå oæ authoritù delegateä tï hií aó  diä                Clay®  Perhapó  thió waó á politicaì  device¬  buô                morå probablù reflecteä Stalin'ó desirå tï controì                negotiations¬   possiblù   hió  limiteä  trusô  oæ                Zhukov. 14 July Anti-Fascisô bloã oæ fouò democratiã partieó (fivå               reps each) formed in Berlin. 17 JUL- POTSDAM CONFERENCE 02 AUG    Stipulations regarding Germany <GQ pp. 22-23>      ò  ratheò  thaî                Silesiá sincå "Silesiaî productioî no÷ belongeä tï                Polanä anä thaô thå Sovieô governmenô haä nï juri                sdictioî  whatsoeveò oveò ho÷ iô  waó  allocated.¢                                 Agreemenô tï fo          "1©  Politicaì  Principles®  Thå settinç uð  oæ  á                controì   systeí   similaò   tï   thå   Four-Poweò                declaration¬ uniformitù oæ treatmenô oæ thå Germaî                populatioî   throughouô  Germany®   Thå   completå                disarmamenô anä demilitarizatioî oæ Germany.                                 Analyses the Munich Minister conference. SEP Aô  Szklarská  Porebá foundinç conferencå                  dismantleä   plantó   tï  thå  USSÒ   (reparationó                agreement)<GQ p. 27.       20 Dec. SMAÄ  removeó  CDÕ  cochairmeî  foò  refusinç  tï                participate in People's Congress movement. 24 DEC VARGÁ publisheó articlå iî PRAVDA™ movinç  slightlù                closeò  tï  Voznesenskié  line®  Absencå  oæ  fulì                apologù  suggestsó  thaô  hå  waó  protecteä  froí                highesô leveì (Stalin)¬  whï waó presumeablù beinçoæ  thå                COMINFORM¬   A®  Zhdanoö  presentó  thå  TWÏ  CAMÐ                theory®  THÅ  SEÄ  quicklù adoptó  thå  ne÷  line¬                abandonninç  earlieò positioî anä beginninç á pro                pagndá  campaigî agaisnô thå threå Westerî  Allieó                anä  thå  Americaî  "colony¢  Wesô  Germany.<GdDDR™                p.159> "early" OCT USSÒ   Academù  oæ  Scienceó  fuseó  Institutå  oæ                Economicó   witè   Varga'ó  Institutå   oæ   Worlä                   careflõ  noô tï allo÷ thå Zhdanoö grouð tï  becomå                too dominant.                 Ra'anaî identifieó Voznesenskii-Zhdanoö grouð                witè  anti-Americanism¬  aó  opposeä tï thå  Vargá                line¬  whicè waó morå anti-British®  Titï anä  thå                Yugoslavó   arå   identifieä  witè  thå   Zhdanov-                Voznesenskié position. 25 NOV- COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS - London       15 DEC    "Thå  Londoî  Counciì oæ  Foreigî  Ministeró                terminateä  á  developmenô whicè extendeä  froí  á      theí  aô                thå  embassù (Harrimaî saiä iô waó thå firsô  timå                sucè  á visisô bù á higè Sovieô officiaì haä  beeî                made)¬  etc® <DecG™ p® 48¾ Thå visiô convinceä Claù                anä Eisenhoweò "thaô wå haä founä á sincerå frienä                iî Marsahì Zhukov.¢ Claù noteó thaô thió  optimisí                waó  noô shareä bù Harrimaî anä Deane¬  noò bù Mr®                Pauleù  whï  "haä  beeî iî  Mosco÷  foò  weekó  tï                discusó           perioä  oæ  genuinå effortó tï cooperatå witè  thå                USSR¬  oî  thå parô oæ thå Westerî  powers¬  tï  á Š               perioä  oæ á definitå estrangemenô anä finallù  tï                thå   perioä  oæ  thå  "colä  war,¢  anä  tï   thå                division oæ  Germanù  anä  thå wholå  world®  Aó  á                result¬ thå Westerî poweró accelerateä theiò planó                fï  thå  reconstructioî  anä  thå  securityoæ  thå                world thió  sidå  oæ  tèe reparations¬  27 AUG Politicaì Partieó authorizeä aô Kreió leveì iî  UÓ                zone of Occupation. <DecG p. 87> 10 SEP- LONDON COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS 02 OCT Jameó  Byrneó submitó Four-Poweò Treatù oî thå                demilitarization of Germany 31 OCT SMAD approves armament of the People's Police                "Thió becamå thå birth-houò fï th  iroî  curtain¬  includinç                Western Germany." <GQ, pp. 27-28> 17 DEC New version of BIZONAL AGREEMENT DEC Israelió recievå permissioî tï purchaså weaponó iî                Praguå  froí Soviets®  (Ra'anaî seeó thió aó  evi                dencå  thaô  somå iî bloã  (esp®  Beria-controlleä                MVD©   favoreä  anti-Britisè  linå   anä   opposeä                Zhdanov's group. 20 DEC UÓ   MIlitarù  Governmenô  stopó   deliverieó   oæ å armeä forceó oæ                thå  Germaî workinç class¬  thå birth-houò oæ  thå                armeä  forceó oæ thå firsô Workers§ anä  Peasants¢                Poweò  inGermany..®   Thå  ne÷  police¬  whicè  wå                foundeä iî Dresden¬ haä tï bå be  \/            "2® Economiã principles® Germanù waó tï bå treateä                aó á singlå economiã uniô durinç thå perioä oæ thå                occupationº  Allieä controì oæ thå Germaî economy¬                maiî  emphasió tï bå placeä oî thå developmenô  oæ                agriculturå  anä  oæ peacå ndustrieó foò  consumeò                goods¬   decartelizatioî  oæ  largå   e Sobeleö   (polit®   adv.©   Gen®                Sokolovsky»   Fò  - deð  mil®   gov®  Geî  Koeltz®                <DecG33¾ Controì counciì papeò stilì needeä tï  bå                formally approved at Potsdam Conference. 02 AUG END of POTSDAM Conference.                POTSDAM protocol signed.                 "Foò  thå  nexô fouò yearó thió waó thå  mosô                importanô   documenô   bearinç   oî   thå   Germaî Š               Problem....Iî  facô thå parô pertaininç tï  Genterprises¬                Allieä  controì  oveò  Germaî  assetó  iî  forienç                countries¬  stipulatioî  oæ thå livinç standarä iî                Germanù whicè waó noô tï exceeä thå averagå oæ thå                standardó   oæ  livinç  oæ   Europeaî   countries¬                excluding Great Britain and the U.S.S.R.                "Reparationó   (externaì  assets¬   gold¬   ships¬                factorù equiptmenô anä currenô production© werå tï                bå  takeî froí Gerrmaî                affairó  waó  thå "rulå oæ law¢ foò threå  oæ  thå                occupyinç    poweró   iî   thå    monthó    ahead®                Unfortuneatelù iô coulä noô becomå thå rulå oæ la÷                foò thå Allieä Controì Council®  Thå Counciì coulä                acô  onlù  bù  unanimouó consenô anä  onå  oæ  itó                members¬  France¬  waó  noô  á partù tï anä  neveò                accepted the protocol in full." <DecG p.39>                 Notå  thaô thå manù iî thå forí oæ  commoditieó                withiî  á  perioä oæ  twï  years®  Thå  reparatioî                claimó  oæ thå USÒ werå tï bå meô froí itó zonå oæ                occupation‚ >       commodities...¬  aó  welì  aó  10¥  oæ  industriaì Potsdaí protocoì negateä  somå                oæ  thå  financiaì  anä  economiã  provisionó   oæ                JCS/1067®  Thå  Allieä  Controì  Counciì  waó  "no÷                specificallù  chargeä  witè thå developmenô  oæ  á                balanceä  economù  whicè woulä placå Germanù oî  á                self-sustaininç  basis¢ insteaä oæ beinç  tolä  tï                staù   ouô  oæ  thå  economù  excepô  tï   prevenô                inflation.<DecG p.41>                 Claù write            captial equiptment without any compensation. 22 JUL Presidenô Trumaî attenä officiaì raisnç oæ  coloró                aô UÓ HÑ Berlin® Claù deeplù impressed® <DecGpp44-                45> 25 JUL "1±  centraì administrativå authorities¢ seô uð iî                Germany <GQ p. 23> 28 JUL BRITISÈ DELEGATIOÎ tï Potsdaí REPLACED®  ATLEÅ anä                BEVIN replace CHURCHILL and EDEN. 30 JUL ALLIEÄ  CONTROÌ  COUNCIÌ  openeä  iî  BERLIN®   Iî  s¬ "Perhapó withouô thå Frencè vetï                wå   coulä  havå  createä  centraì  administrativå                agencieó  foò Germanù aó á wholå withiî thå  firsô                siø monthó anä struggleä withiî anä throughô  theí                foò  á  commoî economiã policy...®  Iô mighô  havå                beeî morå difficulô foò theså differeneceó                 Sources:                 EA™ 1947¬  p®  404» ibid.™¬ Thå Declaratioî oæ                thå Americaî Sec'ù oæ Statå Byrneó oî thå  PromulŠ               gatioî  oæ  thå Agreemenô oæ  Februarù  1946»  A               FA=Foreign Affairs                GQ= The German Question                               GdDDR = Weber, Geschichte der DDR ReIK™  ½  Leonhard¬  Diå Revolutioî  entl{ssô Ihrå Kinder                SBZ->DDR = Weber, Von der SBZ zur DDR, 1945-1968                SBÚ 45->54™ ½ Bundesministeriuí fueò gesamtdeutschå                Fragen¬  SBÚ  voî 194µ bió 1954º  Diå Sowjetischå                Besatzungszonå  Deutschlandó iî deî  Jahreî  1945-          FÐ                Basic Doc., Doc 160, pp. 33f.                                Claù  "waó  deputù tï Justicå Byrneó  aô  thå                time¢  anä kne÷ "oæ hió concerî witè somå  oæ  itó                provisions.¢  Hå  writeó "Thå influencå  oæ  Yaltá                cannoô bå overemphasized®  Iô formeä thå basió foò                sucè joinô Allieä policù aó diä resulô and¬  whilå                thå  differenô interpretationó subsequentlù  giveî                tï  itó provi      1954 Bonn: Deutscheò Bundes-Verlag,1956.           MSBZ™  ½ Rudolæ Kabeì Diå Militatisierunç deò Sowj.™                 Besatzungszone Deutschlands .he Chronological Notes: DDR 1945 ¹  AUÇ  Thå  presidenô oæ thå Sachseî  Provinciaì  administratioî orderó thaô thå Duetschå Gemeindeordnunç woulä remaiî iî forcå iî Sachsen¬  untiì ne÷ legislatioî coulä bå passed® Thå SMAÄ "laessô vorersô aucè diå andereî LandesPraesidialverwaltungeî aî deò  DGÏ festhalten.¢ sionó bù thå signatorù poweró  showeä                ho÷  differenô  werå  theiò  purposeó  anä  under                standings¬  eacè  oæ thå poweró diä claií  thatitó                policù waó baseä oî itó announceä understandinç oæ                thå Yaltá Agreement.¢ <DecG® p.13> 31 MAR Luciuó D®  Claù [rank?Ý officiallù assigneä tï posô                aó  deputù  tï  Generaì  Eisenhoweò  foò  Militarù                Govt.<DecÇ  p®  4¾ Meetó witè Presidenô Roosevelt®           2²  OCÔ "Deò Oberstå Cheæ deò SMAÄ 'raeumt§ iî eineí Befehì  'deî Provinzialverwaltungeî   unä  deî  Verwaltungeî  deò   foederaleî 'Laender§ daó Rechô ein¬  1¹ Decembeò SMAÄ orderó      Tolä  bù Generaì Johî H®  Hilldrinç  (directoò  oæ                Civiì  Afairó Divisioî oæ thå Waò Department© thaô                Generaì Eisenhoweò haä NOÔ beeî informeä oæ Clay'ó                appointment¬  anä  haä requesteä Claù foò á  stafæ                positioî aó directoò oæ thå Civiì Affairó divisioî                oæ thå Generaì Staff® Clay'ó ne÷ posô implieä mucè                higheò status¬  reportinç directlù tï  Eisenhower®                <DecÇ p.5¾ Claù alsï meô wit Dr® Hermeó anä Dr® Schreibeò tï leavå thå Vorstanä oæ thå CDU. 04 FEB- YALTA CONFERENCE 11 FEB    Presidenô ROOSEVELT» Primå Ministeò CHURCHILL»                Marshall STALIN.                 "supplementeä  thå  decisionó oæ Teheraî  witè                respecô   tï   Germanù  iî  thå   joinô   officiaì                announcemenô  madå  Februarù   12º   unconditionaì                surrender¬  confirmatioî  oæ thå twï protocoló  oî                zones¬ thå establishmeè Assô Sec'ù (oæ War?©                McCloy¬  Sec'ù Stimson¬  Gen® Marshall¬ buô NÏ ONÅ                iî  thå  Statå Department¡  <DecÇ  p.6¾  Convinceä                Generaì Williaí H®  Drapeò Jr® tï becomå economicó                advisoò iî Germany. 08 APR     Claù  reportó tï Eisenhoweò iî Reimó HÑ (lefô                Ne÷  Yorë ¶ APR¬  arr®  Parió · APR)®  Reportó  tï                Chieæ  oæ Stafæ Lieutenanô Generaì  Walteò  Bedelì                Smith¬  whï  informó hií thaô!                   directinç affairó everywhere...®  Siø monthó afteò                Potsdaí thå Sovieô expansioî prograí waó underway®                Thå  Communisô  drivå  tï poweò iî  thå  satellitå                countrieó  waó  gaininç  iî  forí  anä   strength»                agreemenô  iî  Germanù  waó nï  longeò  possible.¢                <DecG p.42-43> 10 AUG Second session of ALLIED CONTROL COUNCIL                 Approveä      papeò     estabilishinç     itó        theí  aô                thå  embassù (Harrimaî saiä iô waó thå firsô  timå                sucè  á visisô bù á higè Sovieô officiaì haä  beeî                made)¬  etc® <DecG™ p® 48¾ Thå visiô convinceä Claù                anä Eisenhoweò "thaô wå haä founä á sincerå frienä                iî Marsahì Zhukov.¢ Claù noteó thaô thió  optimisí                waó  noô shareä bù Harrimaî anä Deane¬  noò bù Mr®                Pauleù  whï  "haä  beeî iî  Mosco÷  foò  weekó  tï                discusó         organisation®  (prepareä  bù  Clay'ó  stafæ  undeò                directioî oæ Lt®  Col® Roberô Bowie© Headeä bù Co-                ordinatinç Committeå (composeä oæ fouò  dep®  mil®                governors©  witè  poweró includinç supervisioî  oæ                Allieä  Secretariat¬  Liasoî anä Protocoì  Sectioî                (woulä  servå foreigî missionó accrediteä  tï  thå                Council)¬  Administrativå Bureau¬  directorateó oæ                government¬  anä Berliî Komma reparations¬  27 AUG Politicaì Partieó authorizeä aô Kreió leveì iî  UÓ                zone of Occupation. <DecG p. 87> 10 SEP- LONDON COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS 02 OCT Jameó  Byrneó submitó Four-Poweò Treatù oî thå                demilitarization of Germany 31 OCT SMAD approves armament of the People's Police                "Thió becamå thå birth-houò fï thndatura® Directorateó                incl.º  Military¬  Naval¬ Aiò (tï bå combineä intï                Combineä Serviceó dir®  later)¬ Transport¬ Politi                cal¬  Economic¬  Finance¬  Reparations¬ Deliverieó                anä Restitutions¬  Internaì Affairó anä Communica                tions¬  Legal¬ Prisoneró oæ Waò anä Displaceä per                sons¬  Manpower¬  anä Germaî Externaì property® UÓ                delegatioî suggesteä thaô fivå oæ these¬  (Trans.¬                å armeä forceó oæ                thå  Germaî workinç class¬  thå birth-houò oæ  thå                armeä  forceó oæ thå firsô Workers§ anä  Peasants¢                Poweò  inGermany..®   Thå  ne÷  police¬  whicè  wå                foundeä iî Dresden¬ haä tï bå be                 Noteº  Allieä  Controì  Counciì haä  noô  yeô                receiveä  officiallù  thå Potsdaí  Protongeò  necessarù tï provå thaô ouô oæ theså elitå                cadreó thå armeä organó havå growî intï á reliablå                instrumenô oæ thå workinç class.¢ Ottï  Opitz¬  iî                "á reporô oæ thå Institutå foæ Marzisí Leninisí iî                Octobeò 1959¢ <EGA™ p®  17¾ SMAÄ decreå ió contrarù                tï  generaì practicå iî thå threå westerî zoneó oæ                á     decentralizeä     policå     force¬      thå                administrationsoæ  thå fivå SBÚ staocoì  oæ  ² Š               Aug.<DecGp.45> 10 AUG Generaì EISENHOWEÒ oî officiaì visiô tï MOSCO×  aó      -15 AUG   guesô  oæ Sovieô government®  Accompanieä bù Brig®                Geî T.J®  Davis¬ Lt® Johî Eisenhoweò (hió son© anä                Gen®  Clay®  Eisenhoweò  treateä witè  astonishinç                gooä  will¬  inviteä tï stanä oî Lenin'ó tomâ  foò                Sportó Paradå revie÷ witè Stalin»  Staliî accepteä                Eisenhower'ó  informaì invitatioî tï joiî teó werå  giveî                "fulì poweró tï integratå municipaì policå  forceó                and centralize them in each land." <EGA pp. 17-18> 19 SEP BAVARIA¬  W]RTTEMBERG-BADEÎ anä HESSEΠ officiallù                establisheä  bù  Proclamatioî  ² oæ  thå  Americaî                Militarù    Governmenô    (acquireä     executive¬                legislativå  anä  judiciaì  poweró iî  Marcè  194·                (Proclamation 4)<GQ p. 23> 06 NOV STATES§ COUNCIÌ OÆ UÓ ZON"    Eisenhoweò waó  "noô                particularlù  favorable¢  tï thå assignmenô  oæ  á                deputù foò Militarù Government®  Uð tï thaô point¬                á  divisioî  oæ thå Generaì Stafæ (G-5©  haä  beeî                responsiblå   foò  supervisinç  civiliaî  affairs®                <DecG™ p® 7> 17 APR     Ordeò   designatinç  Claù   deputù   militarù                governoò   issued¬   afteò   ass'ô  sec'ù   McCloù                discusseó   thå   issuå   witè   Eisenhinistrativå  Counciì anä  reorganizeó  Economiã                Counciì   witè   10´  memberó   (SECONÄ   ECONOMIà                COUNCIL).                Britisè  Militarù Governmenô  ordinancå  No®  126º                Bizonaì  Economiã Administratioî <GuO™ p.268¼  Mil®                Govt Gazette, No. 23, p. 686 (9 Feb 1948)>>                 Bizonaì  Economiã  Administratioî  consistinç                of:                 1© aî Economiã Council»  totaì oæ 10´ memberó               oweò    anä                Smith.DDR = Weber, Von der SBZ zur DDR, 1945-1968           MSBZ™  ½ Rudolæ Kabeì Diå Militatisierunç deò Sowj.™                 Besatzungszone Deutschlands                TR= T{gliche Rundschau                ND=Neues Deutschland                ZzM = Zeittafel zur Milit{rgeschichte der DDR Chronology <1947 ò  labor» Š               non-govô  ecoî organizationó extendinç beyonä  thå                jurisdictioî  oæ onå  Land»  statistics®  Alsï  tï                regulatå  bizonaì financå anä ¬  witè thå specifiã                authorizatioî oæ thå Bipartitå Board¬ tï adopô anä                enacô  ordinanceó  establishinç  courtó  oæ  firsô                instance.                 2) A Laenderrat                 3) An Executive Committee                 4) Certain additional agenc____________________________________________________________ 1948> 07 JAN- Westerî    poweró    reorganizå    thå     bizonaì 08 JAN   administration. <GQ p. 28>                      20 JAN    Sovieô  Marshalì  Vasilé  SOKOLOVSKÙ  demandó  thå                abrogation of all bizonal agreements. 22 JAN UÓ Foreigî Secretarù BEVIÎ calló foò thå formatioî                of a WESTERN UNION. 09 FEB BIZONIÁ  establisheó  Stateó Counciì  (L{nderrat)¬                Admies.                Arô X®  1® "Alì ordinanceó oæ thå Economiã Counciì                anä Laenderraô shalì bå subjecô tï thå approvaì oæ                thå Bipartiôe Board."<273>                Germaî  Higè  Courô establisheä foò  thå  Combineä                economiã  areá  º   Britisè  Militarù   Governmenô                Ordinance No. 127. 12 FEB SMAÄ  Decreå #3² "dre÷ Germaî `democratiã  bodies§                intï aî activå participatioî iî thå administratioî           "   Å (L{nderrat© establisheä                in Stuttgart. 09 NOV- PARIÓ  CONFERENCÅ OÎ REPARATIONÓ (througè 1¶  Jan¬                1946) DEC SMAÄ  subordinateó policå forceó oæ thå individuaì                SBÚ L{ndeò tï centraì authority¬  thå Ministeò  oæ                thå  Interior¬  "á membeò oæ thå communisô party.¢                ??¿  seemó awfullù early¡  <EGA™ p® 18¾ Š END Witè  thå creatioî oæ thå "Kommissariatå 5¢ (Ë 5)¬ cè otheró aó  ap                peareä  necessarù - bå superviseä bù á  quadraparŠ               titå  committeå  oæ  expertó  reponsiblå  tï   thå                Kommandatura®  Transportatioî  anä movemenô withiî                thå citù werå tï bå unrestricteä betweeî thå  sec                tors® Zhukoö waó fullù iî accorä witè mù proposaló                buô   hå   wanteä  theí  embodieä  iî  á   writteî                document..® ¢ 09 JUL    5 state (L{nder) governements               thå  Volkspolizeé addeä functionó oæ  á  politicaì                policå  forcå tï itó ressort®  Thå Ë µ helpeä  thå                sovieô  occupatioî  forceó iî  thå  denazificatioî                process¬  "...noô  onlù  againsô  formeò  Nationaì                Socialists¬ buô <1945___________________________________________________________ 1946>           meò  Nationaì                Socialists¬ buô 30 APR WALTEÒ  ULBRICHT'ó  Grouð  oæ KPÄ  leaderó  leaveó                Mosco÷¬ arriveó aô ZHUKOV'ó fielä headquarteró aô                Bruchm]hlå neaò Berlin.                 Agreemenô tï forí á Kommandatura¬ composeä oæ             shoulä  bå  ReIK™ p®  34´  foò  thå  195µ                edition>¾    Thió   waó   thå  "politicaì    stafæ                headquarteró   foò  Zhukov'ó  Army,¢   undeò   thå                directioî  oæ "Generaì Galadshijew¬  aô thaô  timå                thå   Chieæ  oæ  thå  pliticaì  Administratioî  oæ                Marsahlì  Zhukov'ó Army.¢ Thå towî waó cleareä  oæ                ordinarù  soldiers¬  buô  fulì oæ  "officeró  froí                Generaì  Galadshijew'ó staff¬  almosô alì      fouò  Berliî  commandantó witè rotatinç  chairman                ship¬  tï  servå aó toð Allieä governinç bodù  foò                thå city®  "Wå suggesteä thaô thå Kommandaturá  bå                instructeä  tï  meeô immediatelù tï  organizå  thå                severaì  departmentó necessarù tï goverî thå  citù                anä  thaô  eacè oæ theså  departmentó  - includinç                utilities¬  publiã safety¬ fooä distribution¬ pub                liã  healtè  anä welfare¬  anä suoæ  whoí                spokå   Germaî  anä  whï  sa÷  theiò   maiî   tasë                (Hauptaufgabe© aó establishinç gooä contactó witè                the German population."<ReIK pp. 344-45>                 includedº   journalisô   anä   writeò   Fritú                Erpenbecë  lateò  Editor-in-Chieæ oæ  Easô  Berliî                Magazinå Theateò deò Zeit» Gustaö Gundelacè lateò Š               KPÄ  Chairmaî iî Hamburç anä membeò oæ Wesô Germaî                Parliament»  Richa#        oæ  thå  Sovieô  Zone.<GQ™  p®   28¾  DWË  receiveó                farreachinç  poweró foò independenô leadershið  oæ                the economy. <GdDDR p. 170>                "Sovieô    Militarù   Administratioî   Ordeò   No®                32:Compositioî  anä Poweró oæ thå Germaî  Economiã                Commission¢ <GuO™ pp.279-280<TR 1³                Feb. 1948>>                 23 FEB- LONDOÎ SIX-POWEÒ CONFERENCÅ - Includeä thå Beneluø       06 MAR   countrieó  aó cherheitsdienst-SSD)®  Thå firsô                cadreó iî theså orgainzationó camå froí thå  rankó                of the Peoples' Police. <MSBZ p. 26> 03 JUN SMAÄ ordeò instructó thå GAÉ tï establisè traininç                institutionó  anä  unitó  foò  thå  formatioî   oæ                military cadre formations. <EGA p. 19>                Withiî  thå Germaî Administratiî oæ thå  Interior¬                threå  brancheó oæ thå "armeä forces,¢ thå Peopleó                Police¬  t welì aó thå threå  Westerî  Powers¬                preliminarù   communiquå  recommendeä  settinç  uð                federative form of government in West Germany. 06 MAR USSÒ  accuseó  Westerî  Poweró  oæ  violatinç  thå                decisioî  oæ thå Controì Counciì anä  thå  Potsdaí                Agreemenô   anä  oæ  bringinç  abouô  á  politicaì                partition of Germany. 09 MAR DWË reorganization®  DWË empowereä bù SMAÄ tï makå                bindinç  requesthå  frontieò policå anä  thå  "barrackeä                alerô  units¢  (sooî  tï bå calleä  thå  Barrackeä                Peoples§  Police© werå subordinateä tï  thå  Chieæ                Departmenô oæ thå Frontieò Policå anä Alerô Units¬                witè  correspondinç departmentó iî thå Lanä Policå                Authorities of the five L{nder. <EGA p. 19> 16 JUN Sovieô    representativeó   leavå    thå    ALLIEÄ                COMMANDANTUR IN BERLIN. 20 JUN CURRENCÙ REó  tï alì administrationó  iî  thå                SBZ¬  anä thuó becamå á proto-government® Chairmaî                RAÕ  anä fouò oæ thå siø deputù chairmeî  belongeä                tï thå SED.<GdDDR™ p® 170>  /\ 17 MAR- seconä  GERMAΠ PEOPLES§ CONGRESÓ issueó  protocoì 1948 18 MAR   "Foò  unitù  anä á jusô peace,¢ assignó  á  Germaî  \/            Peoples§  Counciì  thå tasë oæ preparinç  aî  All-                Germaî   constitutioî   baseä   upoî   thå   drafô                constitutiFORÍ iî thå Westerî Zones®  1:1° ratio¬                Cash and Bank assets reduced 6.5%. <GQ p. 29> /\ 23 JUN- CONFERENCE OF EAST EUROPEAN NATIONS - Warsaw 1948 24 JUN    Wara÷  Eight-poweò  declaratioî  accuseä  thå  \/            Londoî Conferencå oæ completinç tè divisioî anä oæ                spreadinç   aî  "antidemocratiã  spirit¢  iî   thå                Western zones. <GQ p. 29-30> 23-24 Jun Beginninç  oæ  Berliî  blockade®   <GQ™  dateó  thå                beginninçoî oæ thå Socialisô Unitù Party®  <GQ™ p®                28>     20 March Enä oæ Allieä Controì Council®  SOKOLOVSKÙ  leaveó                the Council. APR MILITARY NOTE: Peoples' police - 60,000 men                 German Frontier Police - 10,000                 <EGA p. 19> 16 APR ORGANIZATIOΠ foò  EUROPEAΠ ECONOMIà COOPERATIOÎ                (OEEC© establisheä bù 1¸ Westerî Europeaî  nationó                withiî   thå  frameworë  oæ  thå oæ thå Berliî blockadå aô ± April¬ 1948®                p® 29> 01 JUL "FRANKFURÔ DOCUMENTS¢ Includinç ordeò tï convenå á               constituenô  assembly¬  presenteä tï thå 1± Germaî                Minister-presidentó  bù thå Militarù governoró  oæ                the Western zones. <GQ p. 30> 03 JUL Followinç  Stalin'ó breaë witè Titoº  SEÄ  changeó                partù linå tï praiså leadinç rolå oæ USSR¬  SEÄ tï                bå transformeä tï "partù oæ á ne÷ type.¢   Marshalì   Plan®                Militarù Governmentó oæ thå threå occupatioî zoneó                signed in behalf of West Germany. MAY Thå  Germaî Economiã Commissioî (DWK©  establisheó Š               aî  "Ausschuþ zuí Schutú deó Volkseigentums,¢  zuí                "durchf}hrunç  eienò administrativeî Kontrollå deó                gesamteî Volkseigentums¢ Theså twï  organizationó                formeä thå foundatioî foò thå lateò Statå Securitù                Servicå  (Staatssi 03 JUL SMAÄ  orderó  thå  creaatioî  oæ  barrackeä  unitó                withiî  thå  frameworë  oæ  thå  Peoples§  Police®                Initiallù   calleä  "Bereitschaftspolizei,¢  theså                unitó     werå    sooî    renameä     "Kaserniertå                Volkspolizei.¢  Iî 194¹ theù arå includeä  iî  thå                "Hauptverwaltunç  Schulung¢  (Maiî  Administratioî                for Education). <MSBZ p. 28> 29 JUL Party PURGES announced in the SED. <Gd#   rä Gyptner¬  heaä oæ Easô Berliî                Peoples§ Policå iî 1949¬ Easô Germaî Ambassadoò tï                Polanä  foò severaì years¬  anä  now<1965¾  Deputù                Foreigî  Minister»  Walteò  K|ppe¬  á  "relativelù                unimportanô functionarù whï dieä iî "63»  Wolfganç                Leonhard¬  whï  fleä  Easô Germanù iî 194¹ anä  ió                today<1965¾  á writeò anä journalisô iî  thå  FRG»                Hanó Mahle¬  generaì directoò oæ thå radiï networë  î Hoernlå KPD                 Finanzeî - Heinricè Meier                 Arbeitskraeftå - Gustaö Gundelach Š           æ - Dr® Ferdinanä Friedensburg (CDU)                 Industriå - Leï Scripscinski¬ KPD                 Ackerbaõ - Edwi  - Dr®  Wilhelí  Pfitzneò (SPD©                  Nachrichtenverbindunç - Wilhelí Schroeder                 Brennstofsprechendeî Abteilungen¢ deò  SMAÄ  "unteò                ihreò unmittelbareî Kontrollå ausueben"                 Verkehò              iî thå Sovieô Occupatioî Zonå afteò 1945¬ whï felì                ouô  aæ  favoò anä ió presentlù <1965¾  Editoò  iî                Chief oæ  thå  KPÄ newspapeò iî  Berlin»  anä  Ottï                Winzer¬  presentlù Deputù Foreigî Ministeò iî Easô                Germany»  iî addition¬ á technicaì secretarù whoså                name is not known.                        25 JUL  SMAÄ establisheó 1± Ceniaì raisnç oæ  coloró                aô UÓ HÑ Berlin® Claù deeplù impressed® <DecGpp44-                45> 25 JUL ppe Ulbricht">                HITLEÒ   COMMITÓ   SUICIDÅ  01 MAY Nazé  Generaì  KREBÓ arriveó aô Generaì  CHIUKOV'ó                headquarteró iî Berlin-Tiergarten¬  tï inforí  thå                Sovietó  oæ Hitler'ó suicidå anä tï arrangå foò  á                cease-fire.                ADDITIONAÌ  AGREEMENÔ oî thå establishmenô oæ  thå                French Zone of Occupation signed.                 Admiraì  Karì   D|nitú                Beginó   "managinç  thå  affairó  oæ  thå  10¥  oæ  industriaì            captial equiptment without any compensation. 22 JUL Presidenô Trumaî attenä offic unnecessarù             foò á Germaî peacå economy¬  iî exchangå foò otheò <<1945>>       commodities...¬  aó  welì  aó ó tï                receivå  15¥  oæ thå entirå  usablå  anä  completå                industriaì  capitaì equiptmenô deemeä              claimó  oæ thå USÒ werå tï bå meô froí itó zonå oæ                occupation‚                 07 MAY- CAPITULATION OF GERMANY 08 May                     14 MAY    JCÓ 1067/¶ issued®  Thió policù directive¬  "whicè                waó  tï guidå uó foò manù monthó (excepô aó  modi                fieä  bù thå Potsdaí protocol)¢ waó issueä aó  JCÓ                1067/¶ oî Apriì 26¬  amendeä Maù 10¬  approveä bù                Pres®  Trumaî  anä  issueä 1´ May®  Iô  waó  "dis                tributeä  tï  keå                verstaendigeî besetzô werden....)" 28 JUL BRITISÈ DELEGATIOÎ tï Potsdaí REPLACED®  ATLE          sinä  voî  Anfanç aî tatsaechlicè  nuò  Unter- unä                Hilfs-behoerdeî deò SMAD¬  diå miô deutscheî Sachuì Konitzer                 Handeì - Dr® Buschmann¬ SPD        "(Dieså  zentralå "Deutscheî Verwaltungen¢ deò SBÁ           Erziehunç - Pauì Wandeì KPD                 Justiú - Dr® Eugeî Schiffer¬ LDP                 Gesundheiô - Paå$   DDR p. 176> AUG MILITARÙ NOTEº  1° Alerô Units¬ eacè witè 25° men¬                formeò  Wehrmachô  officeró anä  NCOó  aó  cadres¬                commandeò anä chieæ inspectoò Hermanî RENTZSCH¬  á                firsô  lieutenanô  oæ thå Wehrmachô reeducateä  iî                1943 in Soviet POW camp. <EGA p. 20> 05 AUG DEMOKRATISCHÅ   BAUERNPARTEÉ  DEUTSCHLANDÓ   (DBD©                accepteä  intï thå Antifá blocë iî thå  DDR.<GdDDR™                p®   166-67¾  Thå          Stateó Forceó oæ Occupatioî Regardinç thå Militarù                Government in Germany"                 Texô  iî Germanù undeò  Occupatioî  1945-1954™                pp. 13-27.         NOTEº  Organizatioî  oæ thå UÓ Grouð  Controì                Councilº  headeä  bù Generaì Corneliuó Wickhershaí                (NÙ  lawyer© HÑ iî Versailles¬  "tail¢ iî  London®                "severaì  hundreä  officeró anä  á  fe÷  civilianó                selecteä   aó   expertó  iî  spec  Tradå  unioî  (FDGB©  waó  alsï                included¬ thuó changinç thå partysysteí iî thå DDò                sï  theaô  thå SEÄ anä SED-loyaì "parties¢  haä  á Š               cleaò majoritù oveò thå "bourgeois¢ partieó iî thå                Antifaschist Blcok. <GdDDR p. 168-69> 11 AUG- WEST GERMAN CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 23 AUG    - held at Herrenchiemsee 1 SEP PARLIAMENTARÙ  COUNCIÌ  consituteä  iî  Bonî   (6µ                members¬   Konraä   Adenaueò   pr          thå  ratioî  throughouô Germany¬  É  accepteä  thå                responsibilitù  foò bringinç iî thå fooä necessarù                tï supporô thå populatioî iî thå Americaî sector.¢                                 Coaì  waó  tï bå supplieä froí Ruhò  ratheò  thaî                Silesiá sincå "Silesiaî productioî no÷ belongeä tï                Polanä anä thaô thå Sovieô governmenô haä nï juri                sdictioî  whatsoeveò oveò ho÷ iô  waó  allocated.¢                <Claù waó promoteä tï lieutenanô  General¬                anä  madå  deputù  chieæ oæ stafæ foò  thå  Uniteä                Stateó forceó Eur®  Theater¬  responsiblå foò  thå                redeploymenô oæ troopó tï thå Pacific®                 NOTEº Claù writeó thaô hå kne÷ thaô therå                waó aî Americaî grouð planninç UÓ participatioî iî                militarù  governmenô  afteò thå defeaô oæ  Germanù Š               anä  thå dissolutioî oæ combineä command®  "É  haäDecÇ  p.28¾ Thå Westerî repó agreeî "thaô á  faiò Š               proportioî  woulä bå provideä froí thå Ruhr¬  witè                somå  browî coaì anä hydroelectriã poweò  tï  comå                froí easterî Germany.¢                 Agreemenô tï forí á Kommandatura¬ composeä oæ                fouò  Berliî  commandantó witè rotatinç  chairman                ship¬  tï  servå aó toð Allieä governinç bodù  foò                thå city®  "Wå suggesteä thaô thå Kommandaturá  bå                  hearä  thaô thiå grouð haä prepareä á  manuaì  foò                militarù  governmanô  thaô arouseä indignatioî  iî                Washington¬  becauså allegedlù iô proposeä á libe                raì treatmenô oæ Germany¬ whicè waó displeasinç tï                thoså whï werå preparinç á mucè morå drastiã poli                cù directive®  Ouò governmenô ordereä thå suppres                sioî  oæ thió manuaì witè consequenô  devastatinç                effecô  oî  thå  moral              instructeä  tï  meeô immediatelù tï  organizå  thå                severaì  departmentó necessarù tï goverî thå  citù                anä  thaô  eacè oæ theså  departmentó  - includinç                utilities¬  publiã safety¬ fooä distribution¬ pub                liã  healtè  anä welfare¬  anä sucè otheró aó  ap                peareä  necessarù - bå superviseä bù á  quadrapar                titå  committeå  oæ  expertó  reponsiblå  tï   thå                Kommandatura®  Transportaå oæ thå  UÓ  Grouð  Controì                Council¬ althougè readinç iô no÷ wilì sho÷ thaô iô                deviateä littlå froí thå Americaî policù whicè waó                tï develoð foò Germanù anä tï bå proclaimeä  firsô                by  Secrterù  oæ  Statå Byrneó iî  hió  Stutttgarô                speech.¢ <DecÇ p.8>                 JCS 1067                 "Directivå  oæ thå Uniteä Stateó Joinô Chiefó                oæ  Stafæ tï thå Commander-in-Chieæ oæ thå  Uniteä      tioî  anä movemenô withiî                thå citù werå tï bå unrestricteä betweeî thå  sec                tors® Zhukoö waó fullù iî accorä witè mù proposaló                buô   hå   wanteä  theí  embodieä  iî  á   writteî                document..® ¢ 09 JUL    5 state (L{nder) governements set up. <GQ p. 23> 9   JUL   "zweckó Verwaltunç deò Provinzeî unä Sicherunç deò                Kontrollå  uebeò diå Arbeiô deò  Selbstverwaltung                sorgane...¢  werdeî